Work with plywood properly

Plywood can handle a variety of ways, as a standard manual or electric woodworking tools. However, it should be noted that the glue in the plywood causing rapid wear of cutting tools, it is recommended to use the tools of hard alloys. Veneers can also be cut with modern cutting systems, laser beams and hydraulic pressure of 3500 bar. Sawing sawing best result is obtained by using tape or a circular saw. To get a clean cut, cutting should be done correctly. First, cutting is performed across the grain of the front side, then go along. This method avoids the splitting angles. At best, the front side of the plywood is hand-sawn or band saw, on the other side - the disk or contour. When sawing a circular saw blade is recommended high speed and low delivery rate. Limit the penetration of teeth saw blade to be small. Drilling holes with smooth edges are obtained if the drill bit rather sharp and is equipped with front cutter. Drilling should begin with the front side. Splittings on the back plate can be avoided by use underlayment sheet. The use of nails for panels to the walls, ceiling and floor are best suited nails with thread or special screws, preferably hat has been hidden or dented. For a secret nailing fit the usual wire nails. Acid nails are recommended for nailing nails exterior cladding panels, because they give better protection against rust on the surface of the panel. The length of the nails should be the thickness of 2.5-3 bar. Considered suitable interval between the nails for panels to the walls and ceiling - 10-20 cm along the edges, 20-30 cm - in the middle, depending on the load and the type of nails.

Multilevel ceilings

Vitaly Lviv Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. "Glue", "glued", "pasted over" - in the vocabulary builders and dealers in building materials you can find one of those titles belonging to the same process for finishing ceilings. It is as follows: the smooth surface of the base ceiling-base glued various decorative finishes - tile of expanded polystyrene, glass or exotic for ceiling materials, such as cork or laminate panel, as well as ceramic tile. Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. Sizes of tiles: 50x50 cm and 100x16, 5 cm Apply recommended for ceilings in residential buildings: offices, bedrooms, etc. You can use the kitchen, but only tiles laminated with a protective film. These ceiling tiles can be glued to almost any surface: concrete, masonry, plaster and wood stoves. They hide the defects of the substrate and provide a unifying color surface. Plates from expanded polystyrene (or, as it is called, Styrofoam) are most popular. For use in wet areas are only suitable extruded panels. Extrusion method, which is used in their manufacture, allows us to achieve maximum density (about 70 kg / m 3) and homogeneity of the material and therefore waterproof.

Glue ceilings

Vitaly Lviv Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. "Glue", "glued", "pasted over" - in the vocabulary builders and dealers in building materials you can find one of those titles belonging to the same process for finishing ceilings. It is as follows: the smooth surface of the base ceiling-base glued various decorative finishes - tile of expanded polystyrene, glass or exotic for ceiling materials, such as cork or laminate panel, as well as ceramic tile. Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. Sizes of tiles: 50x50 cm and 100x16, 5 cm Apply recommended for ceilings in residential buildings: offices, bedrooms, etc. You can use the kitchen, but only tiles laminated with a protective film. These ceiling tiles can be glued to almost any surface: concrete, masonry, plaster and wood stoves. They hide the defects of the substrate and provide a unifying color surface. Plates from expanded polystyrene (or, as it is called, Styrofoam) are most popular. For use in wet areas are only suitable extruded panels. Extrusion method, which is used in their manufacture, allows us to achieve maximum density (about 70 kg / m 3) and homogeneity of the material and therefore waterproof.

Let's talk about the CPD

Vitaly Lviv Modern technology offers increasing choice and it is sometimes difficult to navigate in a variety of proposals. CPD - it is not just an alloy shavings, a faceless slab, this is what makes our home more comfortable and life easier! In our time, ADI - the most common material in the manufacture of furniture and decoration, as it has some obvious advantages over wood and other materials. Modern technology offers increasing choice and it is sometimes difficult to navigate in a variety of proposals and prices. CPD - it is not just an alloy shavings, a faceless slab, this is what makes our home more comfortable and life easier! Particle board (chipboard), this slab lumber, made by hot pressing of wood particles (wood chips) and a binder. As a binder used different binders, such as formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde and other resins. Particle boards are used in various industries, depending on the point of use panels have different properties. Types of plates are very diverse, but there are types of their division into groups according to the method spresovki, type of wood used, applied by the binder material or by the form liner. Ground and visible to the eye the difference is the difference between polished and laminated chipboard. Particleboard is a polished plate, which does not have any specific coating, ie, its obverse side reflects its structural content. In turn, laminated chipboard covered with melamine film (very similar to plastic) which bear the image of decor, or the film is painted in one color.

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

Particleboard - Wood-shaving plates. Production of particleboard

CPD produced by hot pressing of coarse wood chips derived from waste wood and wood unbusinesslike any species. During pressing, the chips injected thermosetting resins, as well as hydrophobic, antiseptic and other additives that make hardboard plate acquires special strength and durability. At the first stage of the production of fiberboard panels are raw material processing. The use of round wood is reduced by the use of materials such as wood chips, sawdust and recycled wood. The resulting chips are sorted, cleaned and dried. Then, from the tarred chips formed the so-called carpet, from which is obtained after pressing praobraz fiberboard panels. Next plate edge and subjected to various forms of finishing - sanding, coating and others. Later then, wood fiber responds to the humidity is not as strong as the fibers in natural wood. Therefore, hardboard - a very stable material. Thanks to this quality they are suitable primarily for the production of furniture and built-in parts of large area. True, on one condition: that the humidity does not exceed the "capacity" plates. Disadvantages WISP addition to the benefits of chipboard has its drawbacks. From chips and pitches are not so resilient and durable as real wood, so that some of the wooden construction of the chipboard can be done. Along the edges of plate and drilling locations can be produced chips, place cut often look ugly. In short, in order not to damage the surface of chipboard, with them must be handled very carefully.

Mihran

Production Technology Mihran ™ - die plate parapet (tops) from molded polymer with sawdust liners (plates window sill a table-top form from polymer of concrete with wood-shaving by the stitches-in) . The use of technology is possible in the manufacture of slabs having the correct geometrical shape. polished surface of the plate is formed inside the technological form during the crystallization process, which limits the number of polished surfaces. The main filler polymer is crushed natural stone. The use of natural marble and granite chips a fraction of the strength and stiffness, limited color variety of products. The technology allows the natural color of marble - a white-gray, gray, granite colors - red-brown, black and green. Tonality surface is achieved in the process of crushing and screening aggregate, the main criterion is chosen faction. Preservation of the natural colors of natural stone does not require the addition of dyes and colored pigments. The use of chipboard is a technical requirement of technology, which is an element of reinforcement. liner gives the product flexibility and eliminates the fragility of the crystallized polymer. Each product is sealed liner layer compound. Mihran ™ Every product individually. molds manufactured according to individual sizes designed product. window-sill plate - an element of window design, the regulatory construction parts, installed in the base window opening inside the room, connecting and hiding the lower mounting joint window block in the window opening.

Plywood. Properties and construction applications

Serebrennikov Yuri Plywood is a laminated material consisting of glued together sheets of veneer sheets of various types of wood, is also possible to combine layers of veneer with other materials (such as: rubber, metal, etc.). Rotary cut veneer wood to receive special (shelling) machine tools that cut him in a spiral about the longitudinal axis of rotation of roundwood (Churakov - logs). Basically peeled veneer manufacture sheets in length and width of 1300 mm to 3000 mm. The thickness of the veneer can vary depending on the type of plywood in the range from 0.35 mm to 4 mm. Plywood is classified by a number of grounds: Operational Grade plywood veneer appointment of Mark plywood format sheet thickness of plywood emission class design sheet Surface Maintenance Breed assignment of wood veneer, depending on the operational use plywood is subdivided into groups: Plywood General Purpose Construction plywood furniture veneer plywood decorative plywood Bakelized Aviation Plywood Boards Plywood Laminated Veneer plywood for general purposes. This wood laminate consisting of glued together three or more sheets of veneer sheets with mutually perpendicular arrangement of wood fibers in the adjacent layers. Plywood adhesives can be applied veneer of hardwood and softwood, and it is assumed that the sheet of plywood is made of the wood making up its outer layers. For general purpose plywood does not have special requirements. Properties of the plywood with GOST 3916.1-96 "Plywood utility with outer layers of hardwood veneer and GOST 3916.2-96" Plywood general-purpose outer layers of veneer from softwood veneer.

GOST 24404-80 Wood and wood products. Paint coatings. Classification and designation

GOST 8242-88 Details profile of wood and wood materials for construction. Technical conditions

GOST 22685-89 Method for making test samples of concrete. Technical conditions

GOST 30974-2002 compounds angular bruschatyh wood and timber of low-rise buildings. Classification, designs, sizes

GOST 11310-90 asbestos cement pipes and fittings. Test methods

Massive board: the philosophy of stability

Maxim Glotov man, appreciates the stability and the Q, are struggling in today's rapidly changing world. However, there are things that still live on the other, we may say the eternal laws. Among them - the massive board. This material is for the ages. His appearance is driving away the thought of the impermanence of earthly existence. Massive board holds a special place in the row of wooden floors. For its appearance, it resembles a parquet board, but unlike the latter, consists of a single piece of wood, rather than three layers, where valuable - only the top. Accordingly, the massive floor stands a much greater number of polishing (thickness 2-2,2 cm working layer of the array up to 1 cm). With solid wood parquet has the general structure (parquet is also solid on the depth), but it far exceeds its size. Typically, the width of these boards is 12-15 cm (rarely 20 cm), and length - from 60 cm to 3 m. Wood Flooring: from classics to exotics Solid flooring is made from both hardwood and softwood timber. Anciently known oak floors, renowned for its strength and durability. Hardwood with oak competes Siberian larch: it has high hardness, resistance to pests, moisture and most importantly, is relatively inexpensive. From overseas for the manufacture of solid wood boards are used: Tigerwood, Ipe (Lapacho), Jatoba, Rosewood, Zebrano, teak, wenge. The most common foreign breed - merbau. Exotic breeds are understandably more expensive local. But if you want to lay an unusual floor (purple, yellow, pink hue, etc.), it is better to pay more for imports than to acquire widespread toned rocks (eg oak): pereshlifovke at all the beauty disappears.

GOST 18343-80 trays for brick and ceramic stones. Technical conditions

GOST 8486-86 softwood lumber. Technical conditions

GOST 1005-86, wooden floor panels for low-rise buildings. Technical conditions

All of battens

Vitaly Lviv characteristic feature of the modern office is the plastic interior decoration. Ceychas, when the plastic boom "took place, became the preferred finish space with natural materials. The most popular among them uses it, of course, the wall paneling. People depend heavily on their surrounding environment and atmosphere. A characteristic feature of the modern office is the plastic interior decoration. Windows, do not miss any noise, no dust, no air, gray walls and the deathly light of fluorescent lamps, supplementing the unchanging scenery of everyday life. But now "the plastic boom has passed, and became the preferred finish space with natural materials. The most popular among them uses it, of course, the wall paneling. Clapboard originally called wood slats, which had sheathed transport wagons (to avoid gaps). So her name is and stuck. Later this name migrated into use. Today lining called selective specially treated wood. Simply put, lining - it's cladding boards. Batten generally favorably differs from all other kinds of interior decoration, and makes a worthy competition to the materials of external decoration. The tree from which the lining is made, tends to absorb moisture from the air when it is abundant and the portion of the excessive dryness in the room. Thus, lining creates a balanced microclimate. In addition, the pleasant smell of pine forest, pine, larch or else (depending on the material of construction of the lining), can not be compared with the flavors of chemical products made of PVC.

Wooden wall paneling and Lining

Wooden paneling called decorative board, designed for wall cladding, doors, siding, etc. Environmentally friendly material is made from solid wood. Keeping all the useful properties of wood wall paneling not only carries decorative function - gives a nice view, visually align the walls, etc., but also makes the house more "alive" - ??controls the humidity in the room, creates a favorable atmosphere. What is the difference between the lining and Lining? Lining called battens, the production of which complied with European standards of quality. Often the manufacturers do not use the word "Lining," and called its quality products that meet stringent quality requirements simple - wall paneling. Consider the basic parameters of lining: length, width, thickness. As a rule, lining of greater length is more expensive (the same number of cubic meters). This is due to the fact that it is difficult to pick up material for the manufacture of linings, in which the entire length will be acceptable amount of flaws. Profile bunks. The profile provides a connection boards lining with one another through tongue-and-groove. Variety of wooden bunks. Lining usually manufactured in conditions close to the German standard DIN 68126/86, which imposes restrictions on knots, cracks, tubular core, roll, roe, resin pockets, zasmolennye uschatki, bark, insect infestation, rot, discoloration, wane and other parameters of the lining. The tougher requirements, the higher the grade of lining - from high A to low AS material lining.

The choice of wood for construction

In Russia, has long been used for tree construction. It is perfect for areas with any climate. And today, this traditional material is often used in the construction of the beautiful and warm homes. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of indoor comfort. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Lumber harvested usually in winter or early spring, until the wood is asleep, and excess water is left in the ground "in recent years on the market of country housing construction, many new materials and technologies. Nevertheless, the wooden houses remain the most popular among individual developers. In many ways, this popularity is due to the fact that in our country the forest is the cheapest building material. In addition, it is in the tree can be implemented architectural features and art images, dictated by national traditions of Russian architecture. Certainly of great importance of the natural origin, which determines the ecological purity of wooden buildings, good air permeability. Finally, the tree - an excellent thermal insulator. This allows the inside of the house chopped optimal ratio of temperature and humidity. In a wooden house is easy to breathe, it is nice and comfortable in any weather. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Selected only ripe, healthy wood, rotten wood and wormholes, about the same thickness, with a smooth surface.

Secrets of beauty and longevity

Vladimir Mikhailov unique natural wood color, unfortunately, vulnerable and short-lived. Wetness, temperature, fungus and blue - all of which can completely destroy the charm of the first timber, and then the rest of its remarkable properties. On ways to combat this scourge and will be discussed. Our ancestors antiseptics and dryers do not know. But felled forest at certain times, rafted the rivers, and dried under the sun and wind ... Different regions have their own ways of "hardening" of wood against fungi and bark beetles, but all of them - not for our industrial age, though, because sometimes take years. Many secrets of carpentry and timber artisanal, alas, irretrievably lost. They were replaced by high technology and chemical methods of protection. But the chemistry chemistry strife. Sometimes the manufacturers of various fire retardants, bleaches, and antiseptic formulations "forget" to warn consumers that their products are not too healthy. As a result, we are proud to be used in the interior of natural wood, but do not realize that it is hopelessly poisoned by salts of heavy metals and other filth. Everything is good in moderation. To begin with, note: A good host must first avoid the conditions in which the natural enemies of wood feel at ease and confident. Among these enemies, in particular, bacteria, fungi, algae, insects that feed on either wood, or simply contribute to its destruction. To make life pests of wooden structures did not seem to honey, first of all need to observe a certain humidity conditions.

Timeless classics wood

Anyone who has decided to build a house, want it to long standing and well served. It is unlikely that someone wants each year to build a new home: lots of time, hassle lot of money too much. Timeless classics wood traditional material for walls of low-rise buildings is a tree. Wood as a material has many important advantages. Wood is fairly easy to stick together, easily connects with nails, screws, etc. She is well handled, and amenable to finish. In terms of the ratio of the density and strength of wood can be compared with metallami.Steny houses must be durable, have good sound insulation qualities to have, perhaps, less weight, to provide a permanent indoor temperature conditions necessary for the building. Its disadvantages are the only sedimentary deformation in the first 1,5-2 years and a low fire. However, now with the two drawbacks can be overcome. To improve the fire resistance using special equipment, which is impregnated wood. This allows us to improve the fire resistance to such an extent that even at high temperatures, the tree will smolder, not burn. Most comfortable for the sanitary-hygienic requirements (including having a low thermal conductivity) are bruschatye and chopped walls of coniferous trees. Conifers is more appropriate than deciduous for the reason that there are more correct form of the trunk and less susceptible to decay. The main parameters that determine the longevity of the tree are: strength, density, resistance to cracking, resistance to decay durability, low knotty, low hardness, high barb ease.

Shaped beam

Corrugated board - it is a natural timber for the production of profiled bar is mainly used pine or spruce, although it is also used larch and cedar. It replaces the usual tetrahedral and round timber. Benefits profiled bar: Houses with corrugated timber quickly and easily, because all the products carried out on machines with high accuracy. Ready-piece bar has seating cups, insulation grooves, spikes, Pincher mezhventsovy heater, vertical cuts through which the beam does not lead, just off the voltage and prevents horizontal cracking in the process of drying lumber. In the production of conventional timber attached to a clearly defined standard profile, its surface is planed for the first class of purity - that is, to a level Lining. As we have said, the houses of the planed profiled bar quickly and easily. At the same time, usually after rain carcass constructed of profiled bar, konopatka insulation is not required. In addition, the beam profile is constructed in such a way that rain water does not fall between the beams that guard them from rotting. And of course, home of the profiled bar will be attractive form crystals after, it requires no additional finishing. When selecting profiled timber for building houses, you should pay attention to the quality of its drying, because the bar is the bulk material, and dry it to the point where shrinkage and deformation of the material will be kept to a minimum, is quite difficult. Failure to comply with technology for processing and drying of timber can be "novel", a house with such a timber is not buden reliable, it can give shrinkage and creaking in the cold.

Choosing a timber

Mikhail Skvortsov Lumber now not in short supply: they have at any Stroybaza, of which a great many. How to choose quality products, standing in front of piles of boards: fragrant svezhenapilennoy either already grayed and lightly battered with fungus? Type of timber used wood species, quality of treatment - all these factors determine how large spread in mind, so the price and quality. Assume a circular timber once passed through the circular saw for sawmill, in which case we receive the material that both sides have the plane and said carriage. If, however, propylene, all four planes, it turns edging material, which is divided into segments, edged boards and small bar. The so-called planed moldings - this wall paneling, trim, baseboards, floorboards, etc. Glued laminated timber, laminated timber and furniture boards called glued products. It would seem that a purely professional terms the average consumer to anything. However, knowledgeable bookseller anywhere on Stroybaza, as a rule, these terms are used, but because a certain minimum vocabulary needed here. After passing through the sawmill with lumber produced extensive surface - the plate, narrow - edge, end - the ends. Furthest from the core timber is the outer layer, less distant - the inside. With respect to the annual rings of the plate can be arranged in different ways, depending on the cutting: the radial, tangential or mixed. Depending on the size of the cross-sectional cut material is divided into bars (width and thickness of more than one hundred millimeters), board (width greater than twice the thickness) and bars (width not more than twice the thickness).

A modern wooden house

Oksana Kolganova in articles about home construction and materials for the walls, we again and again return to the subject tree. This is understandable. History and our entire way of life are organically connected with the forest and wood - hence our notions of beauty, generosity, work and freedom. Our home - a reflection of our mentality in everyday life. Residential and living in Russia since ancient times has been developed building wooden houses. Centuries-old traditions and unique wooden architecture used in the construction and to this day. What's good this stuff? Wood, even after technological processing, retains its ecological and aesthetic beauty. Natural wood can translate virtually any construction and architectural practice. Especially that new technologies, many of which now make it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of the tree, stressing its advantages. The face of modern wooden houses varied. The emergence of new technologies is rapidly changing our daily lives and the face of our home, without losing sight of the distant image of the mother, keenly receptive to new influences. But here is what is significant: in all these transformations of the wooden house only gets better, it incorporates only the most acceptable and organic. Softwood is used in the construction of pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. For the manufacture of load-bearing structures are more suitable for pine and larch, in contrast to spruce and fir are less prone to rotting. In the European construction industry because of its prevalence ranks first pine.

Properties and applications of timber

To build the most extensive use of coniferous trees, pine, fir, larch. The most widely used is pine. Fir wood contains less tar than a pine tree, and therefore easier to rotting in a high and variable humidity. Spruce are produced predominantly bearing wooden structures. Hardwoods have less stability and uniformity, with the exception of oak, the wood is solid and durable. The density of wood ranges from 400 to 1100 kg/m3 and porosity - 30 to 80%. Properties and applications of wood Wood moisture affects all of its major properties, and varies depending on the humidity and temperature. Depending on the humidity of the wood are distinguished: completely dry - humidity of 0%; room-dry - humidity of 8-14% air-dry - humidity of 15-20% wet - wet more than 20% freshly cut - more than 35% humidity. Apply the wood for the device and partition walls, roofs and ceilings, making moldings and millwork are also used wood waste (sawdust and chips are made Pressed plates, etc.). Pine Pine is of two kinds: Rudova growing on elevated sandy ground, and myandovaya, growing in lowland areas. Rudova melkosloynuyu pine has a dense resinous wood myandovaya - a loose, coarse-grained wood. Used for cutting pine walls of houses, manufacture window frames, doors, floors, millwork, plywood, etc. Spruce fir is of two kinds - the European and Siberian. Fir wood a uniform white color with a faint yellowish tinge, it is soft, like pine, but with less tar, which reduces resistance to decay. Used spruce for the same purpose as the pine.

How to buy a timber. Tips

When buying and selling of timber we have to measure them. How to do it? Try to highlight in this article. Unlike other types of goods they do not sell any piece or by weight. Specificity of the rules of sale of timber is quite complicated, even the regulatory authorities are not always able to verify the accuracy of leave. However, some suppliers of timber supply in the trade volume of lumber packages 1,5-2 m3, attach a tag on them indicating the exact amount and price of timber. However, this practice is no exception. Individual contractors are well aware that when buying a measurement of timber produced on site is usually a storekeeper Timber base. In this regard, often have questions about the correctness of the retail price of a particular party timber prepared for sale. And so, to avoid not pleasant moments when buying timber products, we'll give you some advice. Simple buyer never holding a price list, and therefore does not know that, besides volume, the cost of the board is determined depending on the degree of processing (trimming or edging), type (pine or larch), grade, and short boards (up to 1 , 75 m) have a reduced price. Individual developer does not even know what a huge array of GOST, OST, TU regulates the quality of produced timber. A trade workers for several reasons not in a hurry to share information, to explain clearly the rules of sale. I would like to help equip the customer experience in this matter, that he is better able to defend their rights in the store.

Construction of the wall framing

The process of assembling the wall frame begins with the processing of the basement at home - covering waterproofing layer. Depending on the size of frame houses on either side of openings wider than 1,5 m provide additional vertical posts that provide structural rigidity, protecting the gap and facilitate the fixing of tiles. For vertical mounting rails framework used compound of 3 - 4 nails 125 mm in length. Skeleton racks are placed at intervals depending on the width ordered or provided in the project of finishing and insulation panels - usually within 60 cm in the calculation of the gaps between the posts should also take into account the size of window and door openings. As an upper horizontal belt carcass using dual-beam, the total thickness of which corresponds to the size uprights and the height is calculated on the perception of stress is higher than the structures on the site where the frame between the uprights have the greatest distance, or on site at opening of maximum width. In the area of ??this opening the upper horizontal beam of the frame can be strengthened an additional wooden beam. Upper chord frame walls can also serve as a bar, located at the upper edge of the lower tier of the roof trusses. Installation of frame start with fixing the lower belts. Accuracy of angles between the belts should be checked before assembly. Angular vertical bars set with a plumb. Vertical angle bars and ordinary rack frames the side walls are placed in accordance with the dimensions shown in the draft, if necessary, carry out the frame.

The choice of wood for construction

In Russia, has long been used for tree construction. It is perfect for areas with any climate. And today, this traditional material is often used in the construction of the beautiful and warm homes. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of indoor comfort. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Lumber harvested usually in winter or early spring, until the wood is asleep, and excess water is left in the ground "in recent years on the market of country housing construction, many new materials and technologies. Nevertheless, the wooden houses remain the most popular among individual developers. In many ways, this popularity is due to the fact that in our country the forest is the cheapest building material. In addition, it is in the tree can be implemented architectural features and art images, dictated by national traditions of Russian architecture. Certainly of great importance of the natural origin, which determines the ecological purity of wooden buildings, good air permeability. Finally, the tree - an excellent thermal insulator. This allows the inside of the house chopped optimal ratio of temperature and humidity. In a wooden house is easy to breathe, it is nice and comfortable in any weather. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Selected only ripe, healthy wood, rotten wood and wormholes, about the same thickness, with a smooth surface.

No nails, but for centuries

Natalia Aleksyutina log structure is the basis of the wooden house. Despite the fact that this method of construction appeared long ago, now he continues to enjoy great popularity. Construction chopped walls when horizontally stacked logs joined at the corners vrubkami, known more CO of Old Rus. The very core of the building of such walls is called the frame, each row of logs - the crown. Erection of wooden houses on the principle of the connection log involves stacked logs or boards without using nails. In a wooden house construction, there are two types of log buildings: a log and bruschaty. Felling of debarked logs to log this type of use, as a rule, logs with a diameter of 180 to 300 mm. However, one of the latest trends - the increase Dimetra to 40-45 cm for log house trying to use only the conifers, as they form the barrel most correct, and they are subject to rot less than hardwoods. The bottom of the framework should be the thickest, ie about 5 cm thick all subsequent ones, and it can be made of oak or larch. To log as tightly as possible adjacent to each other in the construction of walls, the bottom side of a semicircular groove is cut about the size of 12 cm, but, in general, the size of the groove depends on the diameter logs, and the wider the groove, the warmer the house. At the corners of the logs can be connected both with the residue, and without it. Chopping the walls with the remainder mainly used for homes that do not sheathe the outside. A house without walls provides balance, on the contrary, the plating.

The walls of the timber

Wall logs are made of logs by the longitudinal cutting, the cross section bar for the exterior walls are chosen depending on the ambient temperature: 15x15 cm used in design temperature down to -30 ° C, 18x18 cm - at temperatures down to -40 ° C. Bars fasten round wooden pins with a diameter up to 3 cm, inserted in a pre-drilled holes, which have one under the other, to provide a connection Nagel several rows of bars (not less than three). In the corners of the boards unite "in oblo" or "paw". In contrast to the log, bruschatye Wall collect directly to the finished basement: the outer crown is placed on the waterproofing layer with an outer overhang over the cap, the corners of the first crown in poldereva join the rest - or at the root thorns, or on the dowel. In bruschatyh walls, unlike the log, the horizontal seams are flat, and so moisture can penetrate into the room. To reduce the permeability of joints, each timber on the outside of the top edge bevel width of 3.2 cm, and ourselves thoroughly caulk exterior joints and covered with varnish or oil paint. Gusset in the dressing with the native spike (Fig. 54-1) is satisfied with dowel diameter of 3 cm, cutting angle poldereva (Fig. 54-2) operates with Nagel and plug clamps. To reduce ventilation by between bars along their length are stuffed triangle strips, which are made of sticks, cuts them at a diagonal, or arrange the grooves and tongues (Fig. 54-4). In bars, covering rail, choose a triangular groove of such size that it could cover the rails after the installation of insulation material on them.

Massive board: the philosophy of stability

Maxim Glotov man, appreciates the stability and the Q, are struggling in today's rapidly changing world. However, there are things that still live on the other, we may say the eternal laws. Among them - the massive board. This material is for the ages. His appearance is driving away the thought of the impermanence of earthly existence. Massive board holds a special place in the row of wooden floors. For its appearance, it resembles a parquet board, but unlike the latter, consists of a single piece of wood, rather than three layers, where valuable - only the top. Accordingly, the massive floor stands a much greater number of polishing (thickness 2-2,2 cm working layer of the array up to 1 cm). With solid wood parquet has the general structure (parquet is also solid on the depth), but it far exceeds its size. Typically, the width of these boards is 12-15 cm (rarely 20 cm), and length - from 60 cm to 3 m. Wood Flooring: from classics to exotics Solid flooring is made from both hardwood and softwood timber. Anciently known oak floors, renowned for its strength and durability. Hardwood with oak competes Siberian larch: it has high hardness, resistance to pests, moisture and most importantly, is relatively inexpensive. From overseas for the manufacture of solid wood boards are used: Tigerwood, Ipe (Lapacho), Jatoba, Rosewood, Zebrano, teak, wenge. The most common foreign breed - merbau. Exotic breeds are understandably more expensive local. But if you want to lay an unusual floor (purple, yellow, pink hue, etc.), it is better to pay more for imports than to acquire widespread toned rocks (eg oak): pereshlifovke at all the beauty disappears.

Wooden cottages of timber

A growing place among the town houses being built in Russia in recent times is occupied wooden houses. Many domestic buyers of suburban housing again today prefer wooden cottages. For a long time in our country, wood was the main material for building houses. It gradually replaced other materials, and it was thought that as a building material wood short-lived, and most importantly - fire hazard. However, on the brink of thousands of years by the introduction of new technology it returned to the building practice. And it became obvious that our natural environment wooden house fits perfectly. Over the last few years of intense suburban development psychological barrier last few decades has been overcome. Began to change and stereotypes associated with the idea of ??living in wooden houses. Experience shows that a modern wooden house can be very convenient and comfortable. However, when choosing a wooden house project is important to consider what will be the house: a tree, what form and what a way to handle will be used as building material for a future home. Of technology and quality construction materials depend not only on appearance and reliability of the home, but also a comfortable stay. Therefore, harvesting and processing wood - not less important stage of construction than build a wooden cottage. Today, successful companies in all stages of the production process are automated. When designing the home of industrial production is widely used computer technology that allows us to derive wooden construction on a new level.

Protection of wood from rotting

Wood as a material of organic origin is a breeding ground for fungi and insects. Damage from the latter is significant, but not commensurate with the damage to mushrooms - the main "defendant" for a lot of trouble delivering the processes of decay of wood. Rotting wood can occur only when creating certain conditions: temperature - 0 to 50 deg. C, oxygen, humidity - 80-100% humidity the wood - at least 15-20%. A reservation at the mention of temperature is not random: there are mushrooms, do not stop their growth, and at several degrees below zero. Ideally, the fight with a possible start rotting wood on the stage of production and storage timber. Humidity green wood varies seasonally, but averages 60-80%, so it must be dried. The most affordable option - the natural drying, consisting of not less than the annual "staying." Particularly noteworthy are constructive measures that prevent the combined effect of excessive moisture and freezing wood, abrupt change in temperature, condensation, poor air circulation. Protect wood from atmospheric moisture and provide a waterproof roof coating waterproof paints, from capillary moisture - suitable waterproofing. To avoid moisture condensation can be properly placed and heat paroizoliruyuschie layers (the first - is closer to the outside, ie, cold surface, the second - on the contrary, closer to the inside, ie, warm). Of course, wood structures should be based on the foundation and positioned above ground level. We should not forget about the challenge of groundwater (drainage) and the device otmostok.

Secrets of beauty and longevity

Vladimir Mikhailov unique natural wood color, unfortunately, vulnerable and short-lived. Wetness, temperature, fungus and blue - all of which can completely destroy the charm of the first timber, and then the rest of its remarkable properties. On ways to combat this scourge and will be discussed. Our ancestors antiseptics and dryers do not know. But felled forest at certain times, rafted the rivers, and dried under the sun and wind ... Different regions have their own ways of "hardening" of wood against fungi and bark beetles, but all of them - not for our industrial age, though, because sometimes take years. Many secrets of carpentry and timber artisanal, alas, irretrievably lost. They were replaced by high technology and chemical methods of protection. But the chemistry chemistry strife. Sometimes the manufacturers of various fire retardants, bleaches, and antiseptic formulations "forget" to warn consumers that their products are not too healthy. As a result, we are proud to be used in the interior of natural wood, but do not realize that it is hopelessly poisoned by salts of heavy metals and other filth. Everything is good in moderation. To begin with, note: A good host must first avoid the conditions in which the natural enemies of wood feel at ease and confident. Among these enemies, in particular, bacteria, fungi, algae, insects that feed on either wood, or simply contribute to its destruction. To make life pests of wooden structures did not seem to honey, first of all need to observe a certain humidity conditions.

Choosing a timber

Mikhail Skvortsov Lumber now not in short supply: they have at any Stroybaza, of which a great many. How to choose quality products, standing in front of piles of boards: fragrant svezhenapilennoy either already grayed and lightly battered with fungus? Type of timber used wood species, quality of treatment - all these factors determine how large spread in mind, so the price and quality. Assume a circular timber once passed through the circular saw for sawmill, in which case we receive the material that both sides have the plane and said carriage. If, however, propylene, all four planes, it turns edging material, which is divided into segments, edged boards and small bar. The so-called planed moldings - this wall paneling, trim, baseboards, floorboards, etc. Glued laminated timber, laminated timber and furniture boards called glued products. It would seem that a purely professional terms the average consumer to anything. However, knowledgeable bookseller anywhere on Stroybaza, as a rule, these terms are used, but because a certain minimum vocabulary needed here. After passing through the sawmill with lumber produced extensive surface - the plate, narrow - edge, end - the ends. Furthest from the core timber is the outer layer, less distant - the inside. With respect to the annual rings of the plate can be arranged in different ways, depending on the cutting: the radial, tangential or mixed. Depending on the size of the cross-sectional cut material is divided into bars (width and thickness of more than one hundred millimeters), board (width greater than twice the thickness) and bars (width not more than twice the thickness).

Heat-treated wood

What is heat treatment? To obtain high-quality lumber wood must be dried. Until the mid 1990's the most advanced technology is a high drying at a temperature of 100 - 150 degrees Celsius. In 1997, one of the woodworking factories in Finland, Mikkeli introduced a new technology that has been called. For a given technological process of drying is carried out at a temperature of 150 - 230 degrees. The higher the temperature, the greater the weight loss due to evaporation of volatile compounds (in other words, the tree becomes easier). The greater weight loss, the less water remains in the wood. Depending on the conditions of heat treatment and wood residual moisture content of 40 - 60% less than that dried in the usual way. The process of treatment usually lasts about 24 hours. Moisture content of wood after heat treatment is reduced by 80 - 90%. As a consequence, significantly reduced its heat: heat-treated wood is heated much less raw, coming on this indicator to Abashev. The surface of the heat-treated wood is not porous and dense, which reduces the ability of wood to absorb moisture from the air (30% - 90% depending on the temperature and drying time). In practice this means that the tree is able to repel water without additional treatment with special impregnation. Thermal treatment decomposed wood sugar, is a breeding ground for microorganisms that contribute to rotting wood. It is extremely resistant to decay, approaching this indicator to the larch, and, consequently, hygienic material.

Timeless classics wood

Anyone who has decided to build a house, want it to long standing and well served. It is unlikely that someone wants each year to build a new home: lots of time, hassle lot of money too much. Timeless classics wood traditional material for walls of low-rise buildings is a tree. Wood as a material has many important advantages. Wood is fairly easy to stick together, easily connects with nails, screws, etc. She is well handled, and amenable to finish. In terms of the ratio of the density and strength of wood can be compared with metallami.Steny houses must be durable, have good sound insulation qualities to have, perhaps, less weight, to provide a permanent indoor temperature conditions necessary for the building. Its disadvantages are the only sedimentary deformation in the first 1,5-2 years and a low fire. However, now with the two drawbacks can be overcome. To improve the fire resistance using special equipment, which is impregnated wood. This allows us to improve the fire resistance to such an extent that even at high temperatures, the tree will smolder, not burn. Most comfortable for the sanitary-hygienic requirements (including having a low thermal conductivity) are bruschatye and chopped walls of coniferous trees. Conifers is more appropriate than deciduous for the reason that there are more correct form of the trunk and less susceptible to decay. The main parameters that determine the longevity of the tree are: strength, density, resistance to cracking, resistance to decay durability, low knotty, low hardness, high barb ease.

Materials for building houses

Once you select a project home, proceed to the selection of material from which we shall build a house. This is a very important moment, because that will depend on the material properties of the main building: strength, microclimate, teplosbregaemost, etc. Material selection and construction of walls depends on many factors. Here and climatic conditions, and architectural design of the building, and, finally, the availability of local building materials, their physical, mechanical and economic performance. Depending on the material used, are distinguished: Stone houses are houses made of natural or artificial brick, stone, concrete, and keramsit gozosilikatnyh blocks, the main positive characteristic of stone houses is their strength and durability. How to allocate their shortcomings: the need for enhanced heating, in order to avoid mold and moisture, as well as the need for the construction of a massive base to compensate for the huge mass of the house. Both entail considerable financial costs. Although weight reduction walls and increase heat capacity can be achieved using perforated bricks, or Arbol claydite. Houses of brick houses made of bricks can save tens of years of heat, creating coziness of their respective owners. Such structures attributed to the fact that it is quite possible demise for several generations, for at least 100-150 years old, making only minor repair. Regardless of the architecture, a spacious brick house can be called a familial home. In the construction of brick houses use modern insulation materials that make the technology effective home insulation.

Wooden articles of improved form

Oksana Kolganova Although wood is a beautiful building and finishing materials, sometimes there is a need to change in a particular direction of its quality. It is important to use technologies that do not violate its main advantages - eco-friendliness. The market of finishing materials for the country house growing number of consumers prefer products made of wood. To improve the performance of wood products and improve the decorative effect of relatively cheap wood, there are two ways. One of them - the so-called active modification, ie, chemical or biological treatment of wood (volume or surface). Active modification involves changing the structure of wood applied to the surface of special trains. A set of these methods is quite effective and preferable to the price / quality ratio. Nevertheless, chemically or biologically treated wood can not be completely environmentally friendly product. There are other methods of passive modification of wood, which include the creation of Thermo. He does not use chemical additives in the tree structure. The modification occurs only at the expense of handling environmentally friendly elements, such as steam and natural vegetable oils. The resulting products remain as clean as before the treatment process. At the same time greatly improves their quality and decorative properties. Testing of heat Thermowood (heat-treated wood, thermally modified wood, THERMOWOOD, thermowood) - this is hydrothermal treated wood. It is a natural, environmentally-friendly decorative materials and has, in comparison with conventional carpentry and construction timber, a number of unique performance characteristics.

Characteristics of wood for parquet floors

Rezenkov Alex oak, ash, beech, wenge. Choosing a car person focuses not only on color and appearance, but first and foremost on its performance. The same thing happens when choosing a hardwood floor. You can not buy sex only on the basis of first impressions. You must first determine what the properties of one or another species of wood: how much it is hard, moisture resistance, etc., should be especially careful when it comes to artistic dance floor, where the simultaneous use of several types of wood. For the production of parquet flooring is traditionally used hardwood, softwood is superior in hardness and wear resistance. In turn, the hardwood trees are divided into local (native to Central Europe) and exotic (Africa, South America, Southeast Asia). The first group includes such species as oak, beech, ash, maple, hornbeam, etc., to the second - merbau, teak, wenge, Kumar, Lapacho, Duss, muteniyu, etc. The wood of different species differ in hardness, density , stability, oxidation, expressive texture, the degree of shrinkage, resistance to stress, etc. I know the breed parquet ... One of the basic properties of the parquet - toughness. This indicator is measured by the so-called Brinell method, which essentially consists of the following. Steel ball is pressed into the surface of wood with a certain strength and duration, then measure the indented and calculate the coefficient of hardness. Lower it, so, consequently, less strength is wood. So, Jatoba index of hardness 7. And, say, Scotch pine - just 1,6-1,8.

Connection logs "dovetails"

Ivan Trushin Corner vrubka can firmly link the two walls of a house into a single design. To its choice of independent and exterior of the house. "Dovetail" is done when the log ends on both sides on the outer surface of the corner. This type of vrubki runs on two hewn log edging. Tools and materials: 1. Level 2. A saw, hatchet, chisel 3. Tow 4. Material for covering the finished corner of the house (sheets of canvas or metal) Process: 1. Doing on both ends of the lower grades, indicating the inner wall surface. To deepen on the log trapezoidal made a mark - wide end to the edge. After processing, the end of the logs should be like a swallowtail. 2. Hollowing elements vrubki ax to a mark. The upper half of the angular groove runs the castle on every corner. 3. Raise a new log on the corner lock, so that on each side of the butt logs would come exactly on the outer surface. The distance from the timber to the bottom logs must be the same throughout its length. That the gap was even, if necessary, trim the log in place of the second lock. 4. Check the level to a log lying horizontally and unidirectionally from the interior wall surface. Then we do from both sides of the logs mark the inner surfaces. 5. On compasses carpentry sets the size between the logs, which is a groove, and a lower log so that the groove turned out to be the desired width. According to this size on each side of a log house makes a mark for the bottom lock the logs together looming longitudinal groove around the log. 6.

Protection of wood from rotting

Wood as a material of organic origin is a breeding ground for fungi and insects. Damage from the latter is significant, but not commensurate with the damage to mushrooms - the main "defendant" for a lot of trouble delivering the processes of decay of wood. Rotting wood can occur only when creating certain conditions: temperature - 0 to 50 deg. C, oxygen, humidity - 80-100% humidity the wood - at least 15-20%. A reservation at the mention of temperature is not random: there are mushrooms, do not stop their growth, and at several degrees below zero. Ideally, the fight with a possible start rotting wood on the stage of production and storage timber. Humidity green wood varies seasonally, but averages 60-80%, so it must be dried. The most affordable option - the natural drying, consisting of not less than the annual "staying." Particularly noteworthy are constructive measures that prevent the combined effect of excessive moisture and freezing wood, abrupt change in temperature, condensation, poor air circulation. Protect wood from atmospheric moisture and provide a waterproof roof coating waterproof paints, from capillary moisture - suitable waterproofing. To avoid moisture condensation can be properly placed and heat paroizoliruyuschie layers (the first - is closer to the outside, ie, cold surface, the second - on the contrary, closer to the inside, ie, warm). Of course, wood structures should be based on the foundation and positioned above ground level. We should not forget about the challenge of groundwater (drainage) and the device otmostok.

Properties and applications of timber

To build the most extensive use of coniferous trees, pine, fir, larch. The most widely used is pine. Fir wood contains less tar than a pine tree, and therefore easier to rotting in a high and variable humidity. Spruce are produced predominantly bearing wooden structures. Hardwoods have less stability and uniformity, with the exception of oak, the wood is solid and durable. The density of wood ranges from 400 to 1100 kg/m3 and porosity - 30 to 80%. Properties and applications of wood Wood moisture affects all of its major properties, and varies depending on the humidity and temperature. Depending on the humidity of the wood are distinguished: completely dry - humidity of 0%; room-dry - humidity of 8-14% air-dry - humidity of 15-20% wet - wet more than 20% freshly cut - more than 35% humidity. Apply the wood for the device and partition walls, roofs and ceilings, making moldings and millwork are also used wood waste (sawdust and chips are made Pressed plates, etc.). Pine Pine is of two kinds: Rudova growing on elevated sandy ground, and myandovaya, growing in lowland areas. Rudova melkosloynuyu pine has a dense resinous wood myandovaya - a loose, coarse-grained wood. Used for cutting pine walls of houses, manufacture window frames, doors, floors, millwork, plywood, etc. Spruce fir is of two kinds - the European and Siberian. Fir wood a uniform white color with a faint yellowish tinge, it is soft, like pine, but with less tar, which reduces resistance to decay. Used spruce for the same purpose as the pine.

A modern wooden house

Oksana Kolganova in articles about home construction and materials for the walls, we again and again return to the subject tree. This is understandable. History and our entire way of life are organically connected with the forest and wood - hence our notions of beauty, generosity, work and freedom. Our home - a reflection of our mentality in everyday life. Residential and living in Russia since ancient times has been developed building wooden houses. Centuries-old traditions and unique wooden architecture used in the construction and to this day. What's good this stuff? Wood, even after technological processing, retains its ecological and aesthetic beauty. Natural wood can translate virtually any construction and architectural practice. Especially that new technologies, many of which now make it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of the tree, stressing its advantages. The face of modern wooden houses varied. The emergence of new technologies is rapidly changing our daily lives and the face of our home, without losing sight of the distant image of the mother, keenly receptive to new influences. But here is what is significant: in all these transformations of the wooden house only gets better, it incorporates only the most acceptable and organic. Softwood is used in the construction of pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. For the manufacture of load-bearing structures are more suitable for pine and larch, in contrast to spruce and fir are less prone to rotting. In the European construction industry because of its prevalence ranks first pine.

How to buy a timber. Tips

When buying and selling of timber we have to measure them. How to do it? Try to highlight in this article. Unlike other types of goods they do not sell any piece or by weight. Specificity of the rules of sale of timber is quite complicated, even the regulatory authorities are not always able to verify the accuracy of leave. However, some suppliers of timber supply in the trade volume of lumber packages 1,5-2 m3, attach a tag on them indicating the exact amount and price of timber. However, this practice is no exception. Individual contractors are well aware that when buying a measurement of timber produced on site is usually a storekeeper Timber base. In this regard, often have questions about the correctness of the retail price of a particular party timber prepared for sale. And so, to avoid not pleasant moments when buying timber products, we'll give you some advice. Simple buyer never holding a price list, and therefore does not know that, besides volume, the cost of the board is determined depending on the degree of processing (trimming or edging), type (pine or larch), grade, and short boards (up to 1 , 75 m) have a reduced price. Individual developer does not even know what a huge array of GOST, OST, TU regulates the quality of produced timber. A trade workers for several reasons not in a hurry to share information, to explain clearly the rules of sale. I would like to help equip the customer experience in this matter, that he is better able to defend their rights in the store.

The choice of wood for construction

In Russia, has long been used for tree construction. It is perfect for areas with any climate. And today, this traditional material is often used in the construction of the beautiful and warm homes. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of indoor comfort. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Lumber harvested usually in winter or early spring, until the wood is asleep, and excess water is left in the ground "in recent years on the market of country housing construction, many new materials and technologies. Nevertheless, the wooden houses remain the most popular among individual developers. In many ways, this popularity is due to the fact that in our country the forest is the cheapest building material. In addition, it is in the tree can be implemented architectural features and art images, dictated by national traditions of Russian architecture. Certainly of great importance of the natural origin, which determines the ecological purity of wooden buildings, good air permeability. Finally, the tree - an excellent thermal insulator. This allows the inside of the house chopped optimal ratio of temperature and humidity. In a wooden house is easy to breathe, it is nice and comfortable in any weather. Our ancestors were very careful attitude to the selection and preparation of wood for the framework. Selected only ripe, healthy wood, rotten wood and wormholes, about the same thickness, with a smooth surface.

Angular vrubka round logs "in the bowl»

Svyatoslav Otychko Corner vrubka can firmly link the two walls of a house into a single design. To its choice of independent and exterior of the house. When cutting "in a bowl" in the log is only one groove on its underside. Tools and materials: 1. Level 2. A saw, hatchet, chisel 3. Tow 4. Material for covering the finished corner of the house (sheets of canvas or metal) Process: 1. Install new timber over the previous approximately at the point of final installation. It should be based on the cap upside down. 2. Take the level and on a side draw a vertical line cut logs. By that point we will later check that the wall is vertical. 3. Set the compass at the carpentry is the distance between the lugs to fit the size of the groove design value. 4. Preserving the distance between the tips, proverchivaem as a groove, and the contour of gouging the sample from both sides of the logs. 5. Logs are turning up and attaches to gouging. 6. Gouge doing pothole along the groove of the castle. Chainsaw in the log Scrollsaw as a large piece for the slot of the castle. At the same time remember that the grooves can not pass line. 7. Move the tip of a chainsaw in a lateral direction from the groove vypilivaya remaining material. No need to go too to the edge, because when working with a chisel detached surface of the timber. 8. Attach to the bottom of the excavation slightly curved shape - this space is useful for the tow. 9. After a corner of the castle hollow longitudinal groove logs. 10.

No nails, but for centuries

Natalia Aleksyutina log structure is the basis of the wooden house. Despite the fact that this method of construction appeared long ago, now he continues to enjoy great popularity. Construction chopped walls when horizontally stacked logs joined at the corners vrubkami, known more CO of Old Rus. The very core of the building of such walls is called the frame, each row of logs - the crown. Erection of wooden houses on the principle of the connection log involves stacked logs or boards without using nails. In a wooden house construction, there are two types of log buildings: a log and bruschaty. Felling of debarked logs to log this type of use, as a rule, logs with a diameter of 180 to 300 mm. However, one of the latest trends - the increase Dimetra to 40-45 cm for log house trying to use only the conifers, as they form the barrel most correct, and they are subject to rot less than hardwoods. The bottom of the framework should be the thickest, ie about 5 cm thick all subsequent ones, and it can be made of oak or larch. To log as tightly as possible adjacent to each other in the construction of walls, the bottom side of a semicircular groove is cut about the size of 12 cm, but, in general, the size of the groove depends on the diameter logs, and the wider the groove, the warmer the house. At the corners of the logs can be connected both with the residue, and without it. Chopping the walls with the remainder mainly used for homes that do not sheathe the outside. A house without walls provides balance, on the contrary, the plating.

Secrets of beauty and longevity

Vladimir Mikhailov unique natural wood color, unfortunately, vulnerable and short-lived. Wetness, temperature, fungus and blue - all of which can completely destroy the charm of the first timber, and then the rest of its remarkable properties. On ways to combat this scourge and will be discussed. Our ancestors antiseptics and dryers do not know. But felled forest at certain times, rafted the rivers, and dried under the sun and wind ... Different regions have their own ways of "hardening" of wood against fungi and bark beetles, but all of them - not for our industrial age, though, because sometimes take years. Many secrets of carpentry and timber artisanal, alas, irretrievably lost. They were replaced by high technology and chemical methods of protection. But the chemistry chemistry strife. Sometimes the manufacturers of various fire retardants, bleaches, and antiseptic formulations "forget" to warn consumers that their products are not too healthy. As a result, we are proud to be used in the interior of natural wood, but do not realize that it is hopelessly poisoned by salts of heavy metals and other filth. Everything is good in moderation. To begin with, note: A good host must first avoid the conditions in which the natural enemies of wood feel at ease and confident. Among these enemies, in particular, bacteria, fungi, algae, insects that feed on either wood, or simply contribute to its destruction. To make life pests of wooden structures did not seem to honey, first of all need to observe a certain humidity conditions.

GOST 22904-93 magnetic method for determining the thickness of concrete cover and location of reinforcement

A modern wooden house

Oksana Kolganova in articles about home construction and materials for the walls, we again and again return to the subject tree. This is understandable. History and our entire way of life are organically connected with the forest and wood - hence our notions of beauty, generosity, work and freedom. Our home - a reflection of our mentality in everyday life. Residential and living in Russia since ancient times has been developed building wooden houses. Centuries-old traditions and unique wooden architecture used in the construction and to this day. What's good this stuff? Wood, even after technological processing, retains its ecological and aesthetic beauty. Natural wood can translate virtually any construction and architectural practice. Especially that new technologies, many of which now make it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of the tree, stressing its advantages. The face of modern wooden houses varied. The emergence of new technologies is rapidly changing our daily lives and the face of our home, without losing sight of the distant image of the mother, keenly receptive to new influences. But here is what is significant: in all these transformations of the wooden house only gets better, it incorporates only the most acceptable and organic. Softwood is used in the construction of pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. For the manufacture of load-bearing structures are more suitable for pine and larch, in contrast to spruce and fir are less prone to rotting. In the European construction industry because of its prevalence ranks first pine.

Timeless classics wood

Anyone who has decided to build a house, want it to long standing and well served. It is unlikely that someone wants each year to build a new home: lots of time, hassle lot of money too much. Timeless classics wood traditional material for walls of low-rise buildings is a tree. Wood as a material has many important advantages. Wood is fairly easy to stick together, easily connects with nails, screws, etc. She is well handled, and amenable to finish. In terms of the ratio of the density and strength of wood can be compared with metallami.Steny houses must be durable, have good sound insulation qualities to have, perhaps, less weight, to provide a permanent indoor temperature conditions necessary for the building. Its disadvantages are the only sedimentary deformation in the first 1,5-2 years and a low fire. However, now with the two drawbacks can be overcome. To improve the fire resistance using special equipment, which is impregnated wood. This allows us to improve the fire resistance to such an extent that even at high temperatures, the tree will smolder, not burn. Most comfortable for the sanitary-hygienic requirements (including having a low thermal conductivity) are bruschatye and chopped walls of coniferous trees. Conifers is more appropriate than deciduous for the reason that there are more correct form of the trunk and less susceptible to decay. The main parameters that determine the longevity of the tree are: strength, density, resistance to cracking, resistance to decay durability, low knotty, low hardness, high barb ease.

GOST 25878-85 Steel Shapes for the manufacture of concrete products. Pallets. The design and dimensions

GOST 10181.1-81 concrete mixtures. Methods for determining the workability

Building a house made of logs

Oksana Kolganova In pursuit of the benefits of urban civilization, we surround ourselves with more and more artificial attributes of these goods: concrete, metal, glass, plastics. But the warm at heart inescapable, from the original running time commitment to a tree. "It would be nice to live in a cottage made of logs or even in the summer house of timber. It would be nice istopit bathhouse, chopped off the shelves. Yes, even with the scent of pine taiga. Only there, in a wooden interior, you can breathe! "Note that this nostalgia is nothing lost there. Modern low-rise construction in Russia - a triumph of a tree in a new technological options. On the advantages of wooden houses can be endless. The material is so versatile that inevitably arises the idea - he's the only that is intended to shelter from nature. In the house of timber or logs are always clean air, moisture and oxygen balance is maintained at an optimum level regardless of external conditions, which ensures a comfortable stay. Despite the huge number of suburban buildings and their construction technologies that have emerged in recent years, it is no exaggeration to say that the majority and still live in wooden houses. The latest construction technologies to inhale the wooden architecture of the new force. Wooden houses are durable and reliable. What is so good wooden house that is round logs, which technologies are wood construction, there are and how they are available? Wood has a beneficial effect on the human body, having the ability to "breathe." In this case, a wooden house made of logs will be warm, as this material has low thermal conductivity and high ability to accumulate heat.

GOST 25820-2000 Concrete lungs. Technical conditions

GOST 21520-89 blocks of aerated concrete wall ones. Technical conditions

GOST 25878-85 Steel Shapes for the manufacture of concrete products. Pallets. The design and dimensions

GOST 11214-86 windows and balcony doors with double glazed for residential and public buildings. Types, structure and dimensions

GOST 27204-87 Steel Shapes for the manufacture of concrete products. Side. The design and dimensions

GOST 6665-91 stones concrete and reinforced concrete board. Technical conditions

GOST 6133-99 stones concrete wall. Technical conditions

GOST 6665-91 stones concrete and reinforced concrete board. Technical conditions

GOST 5089-97 locks and latches for doors. Technical conditions

GOST 26438-85 Steel Shapes for the manufacture of concrete products. Test methods for deformability

GOST 530-95 brick and ceramic stones. Technical conditions

GOST 6665-91 stones concrete and reinforced concrete board. Technical conditions

GOST 6629-88 wooden interior doors for residential and public buildings. Styles and design

Construction of the foundation

Table 8. Load of 1 m2 of floor span up to 4.5 m. Table 9. Load of 1 m2 of horizontal projection of roofs Just then calculate the area of ??support. We give an example. Wooden house of 40 m2 with a roof of slate has a mass of about 14 tons. Knowing the mass of the house, type of soil on which it is built, and the number of pillars on which the house will stand, we can calculate the size of the base plate (foot pole), according to the formula: where s - bearing area, cm2 m - mass of the house, kg n - number of poles; f - allowable load on the ground, kgf/cm2. It is easy to calculate that for the above house, built on sandy soil (f = 3 kgf/cm2) and standing on eight piers, the area of ??each foot should be 580 cm2. In practice, it is always better to lay the value of more derived formulas, it is always possible to remake the house, completion of the second floor, facing bricks, etc. When comparing the tape and columnar foundations (see below) should be noted that consumption of concrete in construction of pier foundation is less than about 50%, twice reduced the amount of earthworks, reducing the need for formwork materials. But the manufacture of reinforced concrete pier foundation, additional costs associated with manufacturing and installation of reinforcing cages. When the device foundations on heaving soils should be remembered that the construction and commissioning of the house in operation should be carried out in one construction season. Foundations, erected in heaving soils and abandoned for the winter without load for walls, floors and roofs, can be deformed.

Between heaven and earth

Natural Slate Slate (on him. Sshiefer) - a kind of slate, mineral rock that lies at a depth of several tens to hundreds of meters. In the Middle Ages from the lumps of slate chips thin plates, and covered their roofs. True, it could afford only the aristocracy: too time-consuming and expensive processes were mining, sorting and assembling slate. Meanwhile, Slate - one of the most durable roofing materials, its life - at least 100-150 years (in Germany can be seen locks with a slate roof, whose age - 250 years). Color plates - mostly dark gray, although there are also dark red and green. Today slate handle all the same "old" methods, and using mostly manual labor - is in many respects determines the high value of the material. Other pricing factors - installation of slate, which requires the roofer this skill. Developed fixed types of masonry, among them - starogermanskaya, scaly, "wild", "honeycomb", rectangular tiles, etc. Generally, the tiles are attached to the overlap on the solid crates, each nailed two to four nails (roof pitch - 22 degrees) . Shingles Externally, it is similar to the natural tile, but unlike the latter does not consist of individual cherepichek, and from flat sheets (shingles) with 3.4 lobe (cherepichki). Basis of shingles and its components (valley lining and carpet Konkovo-Cornice strip shingles) - non-woven fiberglass or polyester impregnated with oxidised or modified bitumen. Tile top is usually covered by basalt or mineral granules, and bottom - in part a layer of silica sand, partly - self-adhesive layer rezinobituma.

GOST 26589-94 Mastics, roofing and waterproofing. Test methods

GOST R 51242-98 guard design mechanical and electromechanical for door and window openings. Technical requirements and test methods for resistance to the damaging effects

GOST 51032-97 Material construction. The test method for flame spread

GOST 51032-97 Group F 39 STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Building Materials Test Method for Flame Propagation Building materials Spread flame test method of introducing Date 01.01.1997 1. Developed by the State Central Scientific-Research and Development Institute of the experimental complex issues of building structures and facilities of VA Kucherenko (CNIISK im.Kucherenko) State Research Centre for Construction "(SRC" Building "), the All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Defense ( VNIIPO) Russian Interior Ministry with the participation of the Moscow Institute of Fire Safety of Russia made by the Office of standardization, technical regulation and certification of the Ministry of Construction of Russia 2. Adopted and put into effect the decision of the Ministry of Construction of Russia from 27.12.1996 № 18-93 was 3. GOST 30444-97 "Construction materials. Test Method for Flame Propagation", promulgated by Decree State Construction Committee of Russia from 20.03.98 N 18-21, recognized as having the same force with GOST 51032-97 in the Russian Federation in connection with complete authenticity of their content. Introduction This standard was developed based on the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2, "Major tests - Reaction to fire - the flame for a horizontal surface floor coverings under the influence of radiative heat source of ignition." Section 6 - 8 of this standard authentic relevant sections of the draft standard ISO / ICP 9239.2. 1 Scope This standard specifies the test method for flame spread on materials of the surface layers of structural floors and roofs, as well as their classification into groups of flame propagation.

The roof of the roll materials

Feature basics fiberglass roofing materials - the cheapest option. It is more durable than cardboard and does not rot. In the opinion of the Russian manufacturers of roofing and waterproofing materials - this group of materials based on glass fiber poorly suitable for use as a top layer of roofing and waterproofing coating. Typically, the construction of new facilities roll material based on glass fiber used in the lower layers of the coating, and materials based on polyester and fiberglass - as the top layer. Materials based on glass-, whose production in Western Europe is very large (about 1 / 3 of the market), in Russia at present underdeveloped. This is explained by a high proportion of materials of the first and second generation paperboard production patterns. Many producers to rebuild their inappropriate production of materials on the ground is not rotting in mind two factors: - low effective demand, especially in the regions - the existence of its own production of cardboard in the enterprises - manufacturers of roll materials. Fiberglass is 3-5 times stronger than glass fiber and, accordingly, are 2-3 times more expensive. This high-strength negniyuschaya basis significantly increases the lifespan of the material compared to the roofing material, and reduces the risk of damage to roofing and waterproofing carpet during the operation. Polyester as durable as fiberglass, too, does not rot and in addition allows for a much better grip with bitumen nasloykoy that even more improves the properties of the material.

Materials and manufacturing technology devices seam roof

Ondulin more than 50 years ago as a roofing material have started to use the so-called corrugated bitumen sheets, which are represented on the Russian market today, companies ONDULIN (France) and BITUWELL (Germany). This material is made of cardboard impregnated with bitumen. The face of the sheet covering one or two protective and decorative colorful layers. The color scheme of this material is not inferior to its variety of other coverage: You can pick colors from red to green. This roof has sufficient rigidity and has a small weight (one sheet - about 6 kg). This allows you to mount bitulinnye sheets over the old roof. They are easily attached to the crate (with nails), and their styling does not require professional skills and special equipment. The service life of corrugated bitumen sheets - about 50 years, the cost - about 4.5 at. E. per sq. m. Outwardly, this story reminds asbestos-cement roofing - slate, which in Europe have long ceased to produce. It is believed that asbestos, which is part of the slate, is an environmentally harmful material. Slate In Russia, asbestos is not banned. And in our country continue to operate 24 companies producing asbestos products. Currently produced slate razlichnyz colors: red brick, yellow and blue. The paint forms a protective layer which protects the leaf from breaking down (reduces water absorption and frost resistance increases). In addition, decreases the amount of asbestos release into the atmosphere, and service life of the material increases by 1.5 times (as a whole - about 50 years).

GOST 30777-2001 devices swivel, tilt and swing-out for windows and balcony doors. Technical conditions

GOST 5090-86 fastening hardware products for wooden doors and windows. Types and basic dimensions

GOST 2889-80 mastic asphalt roofing hot. Technical conditions

Aesthetic standard

INSTALLATION Foundation, which will be installed roofing, form the rafters and purlins kontrobreshetka. It must be perfectly flat. On gentle slopes of less than 16 ° below the lower roof tiles suit, which guarantees complete protection against water and snow. To this end, over a continuous boardwalk along the rafters stuffed kontrobreshetku trapezoidal and have the top overlay of bituminous-polymer waterproof coiled and assembled crate. Recommended section trusses for the roof with a tiled roof - at least 50x150 mm. Horizontal distance between the rafters (the step) depends on the design load and the length of rafters, which averages 60 to 90 cm Kontrobreshetka - blocks the minimum cross-section 30x50 mm. For complex mnogoskatnyh rooftops or at great length rafters kontrobreshetki thickness was increased to 50 mm. Sheathing used for sawn block of conifers. Its thickness is chosen for calculation of loads, but there must be no less than 40 mm. Natural tile can be installed on roofs with a slope of 10 to 90 °, but the best should be considered a range of 22-60 °. When roof pitch 10-16 °, as already mentioned, additional waterproofing in the form of bituminous carpet with solid flooring. The horizontal overlap of the upper tile on the bottom should be 10-11cm. With slopes ranging from 22 to 60 ° under-roof foil can not be applied only if the attic space is not inhabited. Horizontal overlapping shingles 8,5-11 see If the slope in the segment of 30-90 °, horizontal overlap can be reduced to 7.5 cm in very steep slopes of 60 to 90 ° to further strengthen each cherepichinu with screws and klyammerov.

GOST 30547-97 Material roll roofing and waterproofing. General specifications

Green roofs: nice and warm

In many countries for hundreds (if not thousands) of years of "green roofs" were a standard design, mainly thanks to the excellent insulating qualities of topsoil and turf. In cold climates of Iceland and the Scandinavian sod roofs helped to retain heat in their homes, and in tropical countries such as Tanzania, kept cool in the buildings. In the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia is still possible to find early copies of the "green roofs", brought the Vikings and later - the French colonists. Up until the mid XX century. "Green roofs" were considered only as a local construction practices. However, in 1960. concerns associated with deteriorating environmental conditions, as well as the rapid decline in the area of ??gardening in the large cities have revived interest in "green roofs", especially in Northern Europe. Was carried out a wide range of new technological research, including study protivokornevyh components, membranes, drainage systems, light fertile layers, as well as research on the acceptability of plants. A key motivation for this support were the social benefits associated with a decrease in the volume of stormwater and improving water and air quality. As a result, created a sector of the construction industry and "green roofs" became an integral part of the modern urban landscape. According to some sources, the U.S. and Canada lag behind Europe, at least ten years in terms of investment in infrastructure, "green roofs", as an option for solving many problems of quality of life faced by the modern metropolis.

SNIP 3.09.01-85 precast concrete structures and products

Metal siding

Metal siding - is a form of not so long ago, invented the ventilated facade. A special system of installation of siding on the skeletal framework allows the building to breathe and prevents the walls from condensation. Together with mineral wool insulation, which can be laid in the lattice framework, it provides the walls of the ventilation and insulation. Metal siding - this is a very economical material. First, the installation of metal siding helps save on heating, and secondly, the panels are made to order, meaning you will not have to overpay for the remnants and scraps - the manufacturer will provide you with the panels in such quantity and of such size that you need. Metal siding is very durable and strong. Warranty period of operation of about thirty-five years. Metal siding is more resistant to the effects of precipitation and corrosion, can withstand temperature changes from minus to plus sixty and eighty degrees Celsius. That is home to the facings of metallic siding can be raised to anywhere in the world. Resistant metal siding and mechanical stress. The panels can be manufactured from various metallic alloys and metals. This may be galvanized steel, pokrytayapolimerom - multilayer materials that are more durable and not too much flexibility. Siding can be met and copper. In this case, the oxidized or patinated copper. Copper - a unique material, it has many medicinal properties and natural beautiful color. In addition, copper is very beautiful in itself and does not even need to be painted - its natural shades are very diverse and give the facade of a noble one option vid.Esche metal siding - aluminum siding.

The roof and facade

Anyone who has ever been raised at the height of the Ferris wheel probably noticed how depressing look "poetic" roof of Moscow. Grey slate hateful sluggish punctuated bursts of tin plate and black roofing failures, and only here and there, visible red-brown tile islands. Of course, try to replace the communal roof in an ordinary house in a decent - it is almost hopeless. But correctly foresee this problem in buildings under construction, especially in cottage - not the binomial theorem. That sooner or later allows the roof to behave in a hooligan? Type of attachment elements to the framework. The roof of slate, metal, sheet metal installation being reusable perforations fixing eventually become loose and require replacement. Typically, in such cases is necessary to change the whole roof. So once in 10-15 years, the issue reminds of itself in all its depressing variety. But there is a solution! Roofing materials, which will be discussed, will be pleasantly surprised by their caring owners truly remarkable qualities. And, of course, is - roofing copper, since the ancient times used to create reliable, durable, incredibly durable roof. And then say, 150-200 years - a decent life! Problems with perforation elementary eliminated, since copper sheets are attached together by folding. They are attached to the base by moving klyammerov - special reeds, the roof of reporting additional reliability. And as a double folding roof generally turns into something like a tin can - on integrity, of course.

The roof of the roll materials

Producing basic and groundless roll materials. Major manufactured by processing framework (roofing paper, asbestos paper, glass, etc.) bitumen, tar, and mixtures thereof. Groundless obtained as webs of certain thickness, using rolling mixtures composed of organic binders (usually asphalt), filler (mineral powder or shredded rubber) and additives (preservative, plasticizer). The main requirement for rolled roofing materials - water resistance, which persists only in the absence of cracks and breaks. Therefore, taking into account the working conditions of the material on the roof (a wide range of temperatures and UV radiation) and the need for plasticity during his placement (unwinding and adhering rolls) the most important indicators of quality of rolled materials are: - flexibility (measured by the minimum temperature at which no crack at the bend of the strip of material on the rod with a certain radius) - heat resistance - resistance (estimated by the effort to break the strip of material 5 cm wide). The most common rolled roofing materials include: roofing, asphalt and only. Widespread glassine and roofing material because of their adaptability: they are easy to manufacture roofing materials and devices in a wide range of angles of slope and roof structures for a variety of reasons. Such materials are used on roofs with low slope on concrete or other "continuous" basis. Traditional roofing has the form of a multilayer (three to five layers) of glassine or carpet underlayment roofing material (bottom layers) and the coating of roofing material (top layer), to be applied bituminous mastics.

Device Technology rolled roofing

Spring - a time, when we have begun to repair the roof. This is particularly true of roofing work with roll surfaced materials. Well, if the customer does not frighten the use of expensive materials, work on clearing the snow that course I also affects the cost. Below, we consider the most frequently used materials for the device with a soft roof and the main points of technological processes. We list the options for repairing of soft roofs: 1. Overhaul roof - includes a complete removal of old asphalt coating, repair ties, laying a new double-layer roof membrane. 2. Current repair of the roof - is to replace defective parts of the old asphalt coating, sealing holes and cracks, and laying of new material in one or two layers. These options are called roof repair repair with full or partial autopsy. When carrying out major repairs of the roof need to pay attention to the following points. Overhaul roof involves the principle of "do no harm." Completely removing the roofing carpet can damage equipment and spoil the finish of premises, etc. Because of the improper organization of work may occur leakage. The old asphalt coating is expedient to cut down the squares whose size is determined mainly by their mass. A square to pick up and move to a place of garbage collection. Neater than cutting will occur, so may have less need to engage in repairing ties. For repair of cement-sand mortar screed is used grade not lower than 50. After 8-10 days after laying screed primed. The primer is prepared from bitumen grade I and kerosene at a ratio of 1:3 by weight.

Materials and manufacturing technology devices seam roof

Name, perhaps you would not say anything separately. Well met somewhere somehow sometime by mistake. And actually, you can not even imagine what the roofing sheet, folded roof! It's simple: it is the most convenient and most efficient in the use of roofs. Called the folded roof of sheet and rolled galvanized steel (as-coated, and without it), and a roof made of nonferrous metals. Seamed roof - it's metal roof, in which the compounds of individual elements of coating (painting) made with folds. Painting - the element of roofing, whose edges were prepared for the seam compound. Seam (seam connection) - view the joint formed when the compound sheet metal roofing. Distinguish seamed connection recumbent and upright, single and double. Long side edge bands were going along a slope, band standing seam, and the horizontal - bumps. Folds are satisfied (rolled), or manually by special tool or a modern way - with special electromechanical devices seamers. Today there is another kind of rebate - samozaschelkivayuschiesya. Connect them with each other, without using tools. The most leak-proof and waterproof is a double standing seam - a longitudinal joint, protruding above the plane of the roof between two adjacent roof paintings, the edges of which have a double bend. To date, folded roof in Western countries is mainly performed using the double standing seam. In Russia, the leading firms that use Western equipment, also switched to this type of compound roof paintings. And today's construction market, a large number of companies offering the device on the roof with modern technology.

GOST 2697-83 on 1985-0-01 Pergamin roofing. Technical conditions

Polymer-sand tile: a new type of roofing

Roofing should create comfortable conditions for living in the building, protected from rain and sun, while it should be durable, have a wonderful appearance throughout life and be easy to install. Polymer-sand tile - a new type of roofing material that meets all these requirements. Polymer-sand tile is waterproof, does not make noise in the rain and wind, not heated by the sun and creates favorable conditions for living. Its distinctive features - a combination of high performance properties with a complete lack of fighting during transportation, loading and unloading and installation, beautiful appearance with the possibility of machining and ease of fitting during assembly. Mass of 1 m2 of polymer-sand tile is only 22 kg, which is almost 2 times less than that of ceramic and cement-sand tiles. The product of the polymer-sand tile has exceptional water resistance (TU 5756-001-11917285-98) not exposed to mold, resistant to dilute acids (acid rain, GOST 27180-86). Tile has a high strength (GOST 22690-88), increased shock resistance (not beating when bumps and falls from height, TU 5756-002-11929376-01). It takes sharp drops in temperature and can be operated at least 50 years at temperatures ranging from minus 50 ° C to plus 70 ° C (GOST 10060.3-95). High resistance to photooxidative aging or sunlight provides the perfect look and the brightness of shingles over the long term. The basis of the source material tiles laid a combination of polyethylene stretch and solid coarse grains.

Open light

Vladimir Mikhailov live a stone wall and a solid roof - well. The only pity is that stone walls do not allow natural light and live in artificial in nature is not very desirable. Output may become translucent structures, which are increasingly being used in country-house. The abundance of light in the house always creates a festive atmosphere and the mood. However, of the earlier technical capabilities are not always allowed, on the one hand, to create this very abundance, on the other - to provide protection from the cold. Often had to choose on the principle "either - or, as in our harsh climate and the choice of something, usually do not: the main north - it's warm. That's where the thick walls and small windows in which even on a sunny summer day in the rooms of gloom. Under the conditions of country life, of course, have preferred to spend time in the open and glazed verandas, where light enough, but this is only in the summer. A light like as time in the winter when the sun comes up after breakfast and after lunch already setting. Fortunately, new technologies have given us many different translucent structures that allowed, first, just to fill in natural light, country houses, and secondly, to give the buildings an unusual appearance. The first mention of the winter gardens, which are not just writing our magazine. Thanks to modern developments now have the opportunity osteklyat large amounts, effectively retaining the heat. If equipped with the proper heating system, then if desired, and a pool to do and study and conservatory.

Between heaven and earth

In the roof two duties, and each - basic. First, protect the house from the weather, and secondly, to give him a personal appearance. To cope with these duties, each roofing material provides its own set of "special means". About that, what are the characteristics of basic materials for covering pitched roofs, and will be discussed. Ceramic Tiles of clay tiles used for roofing unit for several millennia. It can rightly be called a natural material. The "serious" producers raw mixture from which the tiles are produced by almost 100% composed of clay (usually combinations of several shale rock) and clay - is a compound of silicon oxide, aluminum and iron. Why not 100%? Because the mixture may be added such as barium carbonate, which prevents the appearance of efflorescence on the surface of the product, and others, exclusively organic additives that improve the quality of the product. The manufacturing process of tiles is as follows: damp, cleansed of foreign inclusions, compacted clay molded by the press, after which the day is dried and fired at temperatures above 1000 ° C. One of the main advantages of ceramic tile - elegant "appearance". Distinguish tiles coated with or without him. It is part of raw materials and the firing temperature determine the color tiles without the coating. Characteristic red color is produced due to high content of clay-iron oxide. Yellowish color indicates the presence of calcium in the clay, brownish - manganese. You can find tiles, dark brown or grayish-black color that results from a double (the so-called reduction firing): the first time in the usual way, the second - in the oven with a lower temperature (about 800 ° C) and the absence of oxygen.

Roofing membrane

Andrei Ivanov domestic technical literature to highlight three types of soft roofs, which differ in composition of waterproofing coatings: bitumen-polymer or roll roofing, mastic roofing and membrane roofing. Sometimes there are texts where the membrane is called bitumen-polymer materials. To the prevailing standards of Russian technical texts is wrong, and the error caused by the fact that English's technical literature, the term membrane called all types of roll roofing materials, including bitumen-polymer. In Russia, however a widespread membrane roofs have only recently, so the total proportion of membrane roofs in this country among all types of soft roofing does not exceed one-half percent. Slightly more than two percent today make roofing mastic, and the rest fall on asphalt roll roofing. For comparison, in western Europe, the proportion of membrane roof reaches eighty-seven per cent. In most cases the roofing membrane used to cover roofs with low slopes, the so-called flat roofs. Flat roofs are usually lighter than pitched, and as cheaply as in the device, and in operation. Operated flat roof provides extra space on the roof of the building, which can be used in summer for recreation and sport activities. Lately it has become fashionable to cover the roof of a carpet of vegetation, creating a so-called green roofs. In the latter case, the roofing membrane based synthetic rubber or thermoplastic olefin virtually irreplaceable. Proportion of membrane roofing in domestic urban development is growing fast enough.

The roof of reeds

Reed roofs in Europe are experiencing a boom. They are especially popular in Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic. And some Russian companies are already offering a roof of reeds and artificial straw. Thanks to new technologies, they become much stronger and more durable, not only its historical predecessors, but many modern materials! At least, so say its producers and sellers. But what is indisputable - this roof retains heat well in winter, and cool in summer, the house breathes and lives the quiet village life under the rustling reeds. The roof is impregnated with special solutions and is waterproof, fireproof and tasteless to rodents. Under the thatched roof you will never hear the roar of the rain, feel the impact of static electricity as a metal. It is believed that it requires no ventilation, the underlay area. And about her original question either. Prices, incidentally, is also quite exclusive - who would have thought! Reeds used as roofing for centuries. The flexibility of the stems of reeds provides endless possibilities for design and shape. Such roofs are allocated and relaxed natural style that makes it possible to assign them to the unique coverages. Thanks to the undoubted architectural merit, high performance and modern styling system, the popularity of reeds and thatched roofs for several years continuously growing in Western Europe and the USA. Thatched roofs are not afraid of rain, hail, severe frosts and sudden temperature changes. Houses covered with reeds, including those located in the resort areas of the Alps, retain their properties for over 50 years.

Roofing plus

Vladimir Mikhailov Many people think that the important thing at the top - this is a roofing material. And it's not far from the truth. However, non sorts additional elements that allow to mount and operate the roof with no problems. If you look closely to any roof, it soon becomes apparent that for her, apart from the roofing material, there is something else. Some elements combine pieces of the roof, some rise above it, others are attached at the side and are intended for diversion of rain and melt water. We begin our review directly with the additional elements that are needed for all types of roofs. Any pitched roof (such as the vast majority of suburban homes) has a ridge, where converge the opposite of the roof, in some cases - valley in which the roof izlamyvaetsya forming inside corners. These sites of fractures, joints of different fragments of the roof, require careful protection. Ie, the first additional elements - it skates and valley, as well as cornices, without which, too, is a part of the roof. But their list is not exhaustive, it is very large and diverse. And there are certain differences in the composition of these elements for different types of roofs. Manufacturing companies, again, in his own form this set is called functionally similar elements. Take, for example, one of the most common roofing material - metal. As is known, it is a sheet roofing material, which comes with a special fixture and a number of additional elements. In one proposal, this series is as follows: skate, skate shaped strap curtain strap snow guard, trim profile, plums garage, valley bottom, the upper valley, a cap.

Exotics on the roof

Stanislav Fried Standard versions roofing familiar to the consumer, now easily distinguishes the metal roofing from asphalt shingles. Meanwhile, the standard is always fraught with a faceless, so homeowners are increasingly trying to create on the roof of his cottage is something original. The roof, as is known, primarily designed to protect the building from the weather: rain, snow, wind, etc. In this case, however, have to make sacrifices, separated from the same "atmosphere" of powerful non-transparent structures. But the sky can be so beautiful, especially in cloudless weather! Imagine the blue vault of heaven, light cumulus clouds float overhead, rustling leaves bent crown. A night when the sky lit a myriad of stars? Fans look at the stars organize bedrooms on the upper floors with dormer windows, but it's a compromise, half the solution. This natural lighting can be achieved only by making a transparent roof. Of course, the glass roof - not the invention today, they have done before, but not always translucent roof design combined with reliable protection from the cold and safe. In the individual country houses such roof essentially nothing, the owners preferred to attach glazed veranda, which is also, in essence, is a compromise. Only modern technology helped to create such glass roof that allow natural light to flood vacation homes, give them an unusual look and at the same time to keep warm in any weather. Glazing, as well as delicate skeletons of light and strong materials presented what a few decades ago and never dreamed of.