Construction of the foundation

Table 8. Load of 1 m2 of floor span up to 4.5 m. Table 9. Load of 1 m2 of horizontal projection of roofs Just then calculate the area of ??support. We give an example. Wooden house of 40 m2 with a roof of slate has a mass of about 14 tons. Knowing the mass of the house, type of soil on which it is built, and the number of pillars on which the house will stand, we can calculate the size of the base plate (foot pole), according to the formula: where s - bearing area, cm2 m - mass of the house, kg n - number of poles; f - allowable load on the ground, kgf/cm2. It is easy to calculate that for the above house, built on sandy soil (f = 3 kgf/cm2) and standing on eight piers, the area of ??each foot should be 580 cm2. In practice, it is always better to lay the value of more derived formulas, it is always possible to remake the house, completion of the second floor, facing bricks, etc. When comparing the tape and columnar foundations (see below) should be noted that consumption of concrete in construction of pier foundation is less than about 50%, twice reduced the amount of earthworks, reducing the need for formwork materials. But the manufacture of reinforced concrete pier foundation, additional costs associated with manufacturing and installation of reinforcing cages. When the device foundations on heaving soils should be remembered that the construction and commissioning of the house in operation should be carried out in one construction season. Foundations, erected in heaving soils and abandoned for the winter without load for walls, floors and roofs, can be deformed. Deformation may occur if built house in the winter is not heated, and the depth of laying the foundation was designed for heat treatment heated the house. For the installation of foundations in heaving soils, especially when deep freezing, you should pick up water-and frost-resistant materials, including high-strength concretes and mortars. Before laying the foundation plan of the house is marked and leveled ground. For marking pull cords on the outer perimeter of the house at a distance of 1-1,5 m from the edge of the future trench in the alignment stakeout axes clog wooden slats or trimming of metal pipes, which should address the 10-20 cm above the floor. If you enjoy leveling ground level mm (500-1000 mm), or rubber-level - a hose. The last tool is very easy to produce: a piece of garden hose on both sides are inserted into glass tubes to a height of 20-50 cm trim hose If garden hose is transparent, then these tubes are not needed. Hose filled with water tinted better to level in the tube was clearly visible. The liquid level in the communicating vessels is always the same, and with it just to measure how given any portion of the soil, foundation, etc. In addition, you will need to control angles. To do this from going straight rods square with a ratio of 3:4:5 and a right angle. Easier, of course, buy an elbow in the shop - steel square mason. Then, after marking and digging of trenches or pits, you start to stone work - stacking and bonding of individual stones, building blocks, bricks, etc. into a coherent whole with fluids. Stonework require the simplest of tools: a heavy hammer - sledge-hammers and hammers for crushing lumps rubble, hammer-kirochki or baking hammer for scarifiying brick trowels, trowel or triangular in shape with a rounded front end for applying the mortar to masonry and mortar box. Mortar box can be welded from sheet metal thickness of 2-3 mm or shoot down from the boards (at least 20 mm). The bottom of the wooden box is usually covered with sheet metal, and of planks or boards make handles for carrying the box. In addition, for the work needed for a bucket of water and loose materials, folding ruler, level, plumb, rail-poryadovki (this is for masonry base and walls): two bars 3 m long section of 20x60 mm and dividing by 78 mm. Two divisions in the rail spike. A string with a weight at the end, fixed on the rail to indicate the precise direction of a number of masonry. In the manufacture of building or, as they are often called, mortar should know the following: first, poured sand into the box, then the binder (cement, etc.), and all stirred until uniform in color, then pour water and stir again all, if you apply lime batter, then dry promeshannuyu mixture of sand and cement poured into the milk of lime (lime paste, diluted with water), then the mixture was again mixed thoroughly, and if the solution is added to clay, her first mixed with lime milk, diluted with water to form clay-lime and Pour into dry mixture of sand and cement; finally prepared solutions should have a uniform color, manual solutions are prepared in boxes or troughs. You can not prepare it in barrels and buckets, as the upper and lower layers at the same time poorly mixed. Table. 10 shows the composition of mortar when used for masonry various parts of the house. Water to cement mortar charge in the amount of cement plus 0.07 of the volume of sand. For example, if a bucket of cement and five sand pails of water needed is 1 +5 x0, 07 = 1.35 buckets of water. Too much water makes mortars and masonry weaker. Table 10. The compositions of mortar (in buckets), typically a wall lay a belt, a pier foundation. Strip footing placed under the stone, concrete, frame-Plumbing Infrastructure and shield wall. Under the log-walls, the walls of reinforced concrete frame often make the pier foundation. Between the pillars pave the cap-zabirku of stone, concrete, at least - of a tree. Pier foundation economical than tape, require less material, but also demand and high precision in manufacturing. "The material foundation: rubble stone, red roasted full brick and concrete blocks. Columnar foundations for use of cast concrete, metal (sometimes wooden) bar. Sand-lime bricks and slag unsuitable for the installation of foundations. If you use lime in solution it is added ground brick or pottery tile bout (approximately 10 per cent of lime). Usually mortar used for the bases, arranged in stockyards: impregnation of the earth slurry quickly destroy ordinary cement .