Construction: July 2011

Sunday, July 31, 2011

Bricklaying. Methods

Bricklaying lead in three ways: vprizhim, vprisyk and vprisyk with trimming solution, and back filling - vpoluprisyk. Choice of kladkizavisit from the plasticity solution, the state of brick (dry or wet) season and cleanliness requirements face of the masonry. See Fig. 1. Bricklaying way vprizhim Masonry way vprizhim (Fig. 1 ), lay out brick walls on the hard solution (slump 7-9 cm) with complete filling and grouting. This way, stack as Stretcher bond, and perpender miles. This solution was spread a indented from the face wall of 10-15 mm. solution is spread with the back of the trowel, moving it from the laid brick and mortar bed at the same time arranging for three or five Stretcher bond header brick. kirpichavprizhim clutch operates in the following order. Holding the right hand trowel, level of its mortar bed, then rake up an edge of the trowel of mortar and pressed it to the vertical faces previously laid brick, and left hand brings a new brick to the place of installation. then dipped brick on the prepared bed and moving his left hand earlier into for laid brick, pressed against the canvas of a trowel. Moving up the right hand removed trowel and brick , pulls his left hand, grip the mortar between the vertical edges fit into the previously laid brick. Press to your hands face down on ulozhennyy.kirpich mortar bed. "excess solution squeezed out of a seam on the face of masonry, trimmed with a trowel for a reception after the installation of blows every 3-5 bricks or after the installation of two tablespoons of bricks.

Materials for building houses

Once you select a project home, proceed to the selection of material from which we shall build a house. This is a very important moment, because that will depend on the material properties of the main building: strength, microclimate, teplosbregaemost, etc. Material selection and construction of walls depends on many factors. Here and climatic conditions, and architectural design of the building, and, finally, the availability of local building materials, their physical, mechanical and economic performance. Depending on the material used, are distinguished: Stone houses are houses made of natural or artificial brick, stone, concrete, and keramsit gozosilikatnyh blocks, the main positive characteristic of stone houses is their strength and durability. How to allocate their shortcomings: the need for enhanced heating, in order to avoid mold and moisture, as well as the need for the construction of a massive base to compensate for the huge mass of the house. Both entail considerable financial costs. Although weight reduction walls and increase heat capacity can be achieved using perforated bricks, or Arbol claydite. Houses of brick houses made of bricks can save tens of years of heat, creating coziness of their respective owners. Such structures attributed to the fact that it is quite possible demise for several generations, for at least 100-150 years old, making only minor repair. Regardless of the architecture, a spacious brick house can be called a familial home. In the construction of brick houses use modern insulation materials that make the technology effective home insulation.

Opilkobeton

The main characteristics of building materials, primarily the interests of developers are: environmental safety, the weight ratio of moisture in the material, fire resistance, vapor permeability, frost resistance, thermal performance, durability, and, finally, the cost of the material. Try to understand the basic features opilkobetona, sharpen its compliance with the requirements of modern building materials. Environmental security Opilkobeton - material based on clean, safe, natural ingredients: cement, sand, sawdust. Due to the high content of organic filler (sawdust) opilkobetonnye blocks have excellent sound absorption performance and water vapor permeability. For many indicators opilkobetonnye wall blocks correspond to the timber. Unique hygienic characteristics of the material provide an excellent microclimate in houses built of blocks opilkobetonnyh. Conclusion: Opilkobetonnye masonry units - an environmentally friendly and healthy building material, in full conformity with modern sanitary-hygienic requirements. The weight ratio of moisture in the material - a very important indicator in construction. From the percentage of water depends not only comfortable accommodation but also depends frost resistance of the material. Naturally, it is desirable to reduce the proportion of water in the material. Water absorption opilkobetona an average of 8-12% for the operating conditions B (SNIP II -3-79 building heating equipment). This wide range of indicators due to different density of the material (from 600 to 1200 kg / m 3).

Types of brick

In terms of composition and method of manufacturing brick is divided into two groups - the clay and calcium silicate. Ceramic brick is produced by firing clay and mixtures thereof. Sand-lime brick - consists of approximately 90% sand, 10% lime and a small proportion of additives. Mixture is sent to the autoclave, and not in the kiln, as is the case with a ceramic brick. If you add pigments, you can get calcium silicate bricks of almost any color - blue, green, raspberry, violet. According to the logic of a glossary, a brick - it's baked clay brick. But then silicate (ie, no clay) brick - and not a brick at all, but a solid material similar to it in form. By the way, so it is: these two materials have different guests, and builders are very well carried out between the border. Thus, we mainly consider a ceramic brick, because he is the real bricks (and a dictionary, and according to the GOST). What a brick - for what? purpose ceramic brick is divided into ordinary (aka building) and personal (he is facing, tiling, decoration, facade). Of special note is the baking bricks. Ordinary brick used for the internal rows of masonry or external series, but with subsequent plaster. Ordinary brick can have on the side of the bulged geometric pattern (for better grip with plaster solution). Facing brick - a uniform color, has two smooth, flat front surface (the so-called "poke" and "stretcher"). It is usually hollow (ie, its "body" a lot of voids, making the wall of a brick "warm").

Brick diversity

The ancient buildings, which remained till our time, show that the ancient builders were able to produce and use materials in buildings similar to the brick. Familiarized with the facilities of different eras is not easy to find a type of construction, the creation of which would not use a brick: the multi-storey houses and small houses, large fortifications and underground tunnels - they are all made of brick. Buildings made of bricks obtained strong and durable, eco-friendly, easy to use and perfect microclimate in the premises. The finishing of various types of brick buildings of brick making is always in demand. On the composition and method of manufacture of a brick is divided into two groups - ceramic and calcium silicate. Ceramic brick is produced by firing clay and mixtures thereof. Sand-lime brick - consists of approximately 90% sand, 10% lime and a small proportion of additives. Mixture is sent to the autoclave, and not in the kiln, as is the case with a ceramic brick. If you add pigments, you can get calcium silicate bricks of almost any color - blue, green, raspberry, violet. According to the logic of a glossary, a brick - it's baked clay brick. But then silicate (ie, no clay) brick - and not a brick at all, but a solid material similar to it in form. By the way, so it is: these two materials have different guests, and builders are very well carried out between the border. Ceramic bricks There are two ways to prepare the ceramic brick. The first and most common - plastic method: clay mass (relative humidity of 17 - 30%), squeezed from the belt press and then subjected to firing.

Brick as evidence of self-sufficiency

Paul Chernyakov There is a widespread misconception that the cottage of brick - an example of the most reliable investment in suburban real estate. Like, the very walls in this case are evidence of solidity, attractiveness and liquidity of the building. But practice shows otherwise. Today, only one wall material ceased to be a "guarantor of" the popularity of a home if the builder did not pay due attention to the management of architectural design and its literate incarnation. According to statistics, sales of country houses, in the first place still hold houses of brick, which "breathe in the back" home of the blocks (foam and aerated). But it is also the slowest to sell the house out of brick. This paradox is explained by no means disadvantageous location outsiders demand. If you look closely, most of the illiquid house falls on the featureless "box" and tasteless "locks" with turrets, and other archetypes weathercocks 1990. Thus, if a developer wants to build a house that will always be in demand, he needs to rely not on the wall material, and the project. Assess your strength before you build a house of bricks, you need to sensibly assess their financial capabilities, so that over time not to join the team of would-be sad unfinished sellers of real estate. Paying tribute to the brick, it was understood that this material not only the most popular, but the most expensive. Given that in its pure form, no wall material is not used today (if concrete, then lined with brick, if bricks, then with a heater), you can "burn" these homes in one price category - 500-1000 dollars per square meter (price boxes is the cost of excavation, foundation, building boxes with floors, roofs and unit cost of all necessary materials).

What can be done with foamed concrete

Zravomyslyaschie people have long understood that to build a house, and even more on an individual project - an expensive and troublesome. And every year, counting the labor savings, bitterly aware that the building had to be postponed indefinitely. Today, wooden house medium size (six by six feet) would cost about $ 5000, and brick - and the more expensive. And this version - without the bells without intricate planning and even without a finish! Meanwhile, the house can be built not only of bricks, logs or lumber. There is a material that reduces the cost of construction of approximately one and a half to two times and has many other advantages. It is called cellular concrete. In the west of it long ago built. And we, as usual, think cheshem his head and doubt. But in vain! That penobeton could give many of us a roof over their head in the truest sense of the word. On what is not in dictionaries Alas, in Encyclopedic Dictionary of the material has not been told anything. How so? Just in case, honors all that was said just about "concrete". It turned out that it was "one of the most important building materials, which is produced as a result of solidification compacted mixture of binder, water, aggregates and in some cases - supplements. Depending on the volume of mass concrete is divided into very heavy, heavy, light and very easy. By type of binder concrete are cement, silicate, gypsum, asphalt, polymer, and others. " About penobeton word. Maybe it's some kind of special concrete additives special foam?

Silicate brick

Sand-lime brick - an environmentally friendly wall material. Its component parts: lime, sand, water. Very widely used in countries Zapodnoy Europe because of its characteristics: strength, accuracy of geometric dimensions, aesthetic appearance, low cost and ease of use. Sand-lime brick - made of silica (sand) - 90%, lime - 10% and a small proportion of additives. Production technology is as follows: lime-sand mixture is placed in an autoclave (steam treatment apparatus for high pressure), where under heat and pressure formed silicate compounds. When you add an alkali-resistant pigments, the color turns lime brick. Also add the modifier additives that give silica brick increased durability and frost resistance. Color range of silica brick is very wide - make even the yellow, blue and pink. Calcium silicate bricks used for walls mainly in areas with low humidity, as well as decorative inserts in the exterior walls of fired red brick. This brick has a high hygroscopicity. Color: white to light gray. Like burnt brick, lime is solid and hollow. In the cross section can have up to 25% of the area of ??through pores, vertical to the surface of lying and tapering to it. Ultimate stress in compression reaches 100-150 kg / cm 2. To improve the quality of silica brick and increase its resistance to compression of the sand is added directly to the ball mills for grinding lime. Sand-lime solid bricks have the same dimensions as the silica normal, but the lower limit of its compressive strength is 250 kg/cm2.

Concrete

CONCRETE - this is one of the most common and important building materials, which is produced by curing a mixture of binder, water, fillers and additives. Concrete is widely used in civil and industrial construction. In the case of erecting buildings of concrete, its types and grades are determined at the stage of a project. For various building elements used different types and grades of concrete. Necessary to determine which particular element of design (foundation, bearing walls, interior walls, floors) is selected grade of concrete. The main characteristic of concrete is the compressive strength, which determines the grade of concrete. By type of binder concretes are: - cement - silica - polymer, etc. According to the bulk mass of concrete can be divided into: - heavy - volume weight above 1800 kg / m 3, are used in industrial construction - light - weight not exceeding 1800 kg / m3. The price of concrete depends on: - the type of concrete (heavy concrete less porous) - the brand of concrete (the higher figure in the concrete mark, the higher the price). You should not: - use heavy concrete for the construction of interior partitions or superstructure of the building - to use cellular concrete when constructing underground structures (cellars, basements, etc.). It is optimal to purchase the concrete directly from the manufacturer, which will save considerable money. Preparation of concrete mix in individual housing for the preparation of concrete mix as a binder most commonly used Portland cement 400.

Decorative Concrete - the possibilities are endless

At the moment, the technology of decorative concrete is very popular in countries with high development. This is understandable since, with its assistance, you can simply and quickly with a conventional concrete surface to create what is fully reproduce the slate, pavers or cobblestones. The use of decorative concrete technology allows much faster and less expensively than with marble, stone or tile, to achieve a desired texture effects. By that time, the quality and durability of decorative concrete has long been accustomed to beat the market materials. And it's not to mention the features and relatively low price! Decorative concrete is a monolithic concrete, laid in a certain way. Moreover, it is compacted with a special stamp and subjected to special treatment chemicals. Specific area of ??design is to work with relief and decorative coatings. And here the great possibilities inherent in the use of new building materials and technologies that offer architects and builders, most unexpected, economical and efficient solutions. Coverage of the colored concrete durable, resistant to external influences, moreover, does not require a certain special care. Applied decorative concrete for both private and for industrial and commercial construction. Streets and squares are full of numerous elements of urban design. Very important link in a single ensemble often disparate in style lights, signs, small architectural forms. Make this helps a variety of architectural and landscaping techniques - the introduction of plants, small height difference of the ground surface with retaining walls, ramps, staircases, and decorative paving.

How to build a house out of foam

Building a house always begins with the foundation. Whatever type of home we have not chosen, but no foundation in any way. Especially that part where we decided to build a house is not the best. Fine sand, forming a floating earth in the area of ??groundwater that lie just under the surface. After much thought and consultation with experts, we stopped by his decision on the solid foundation of tile. Not the cheapest option, but for us it was the best. He can keep himself on the whole structure in such difficult circumstances. Step One Building basement after a rough work bulldozer snyavshego vegetation layer, aligning the foundation hole manually. With the help of ordinary shovel, rail and level received a flat surface. Use the escalator was still very difficult, because the soil is prone to collapse, so we had to work manually. On a bed lined pit of bars postpoeny "ladder" - the basis for future molds. The inside of the "stairs" boards nailed vertically to form a so-called "Sandbox". Spaces between them form the ribs on the underside of the foundation slab, which is based load-bearing walls. "Sandbox" filled with coarse sand, which is abundantly watered. Then sand thoroughly rams. The result is a very dense surface on which the shoe leaves no fingerprint. Compacted sand rose thick polyethylene film, which is attached to the boards of a stapler. In hot weather, the film becomes more flexible and well stretched. Along the perimeter of stairs stands vertically pour in molds.

Concrete. Concrete admixtures

Additives improve the quality of concrete and added to it with additional special properties that allow to accelerate the pace of construction, as well as significantly reduce the cost. The special properties of concrete are needed both in the construction of roads and airfield pavements, waterworks, docks, swimming pools and special facilities, and in solid construction of residential and industrial buildings, etc. At present, there are many different supplements. For hot climates such as hardening of retardants are often used. In the manufacture of floors, which are amenable to freezing / thawing, such as the floors in the open air or in freezers are encouraged to apply (except for the use of inhibitors), only the air-absorbing chemicals. Supplement is recommended for concrete with high demands on frost resistance, durability and water resistance. in civil and industrial construction (prefabricated, thin-walled and gustoarmirovannye design) for construction of hydraulic structures (bridges, dams, sluices, tunnels, basements, swimming pools, basements, paving tiles, self-leveling floors), etc. Concrete Additive Lignopan-B1 - plasticizer based on fractionated lignosulfonates, inorganic salts, simple copolymers of acrylic series. Copolymers of acrylic series, and cellulose ethers bind free water and significantly reduce the solution and water separation. Used in the manufacture of ready-mixed concrete and mortar. Concrete Additive Lignopan-B2 - Plasticizers - Accelerator hardening.

Floor slabs and roof slabs of polystyrene

Floor slabs and roof slabs of polystyrene - is one of the most modern types of overlap. The basic property of floor slabs and roof slabs of polystyrene is their low weight, which causes small load bearing frame and foundation of the building. In addition, they are characterized by high physical, thermal and acoustic properties, as well as ease of installation. On the basis of polystyrene designed three overlapping systems: Mounting system overlap - this is when the overlap be established bearing beams, and then filling the elements - the slab. Polumontazhnaya system - installed mounting plates, and over the filling layer of concrete. Monolithic system overlaps is very simple system, characterized by installing corrugated roofing sheets. Slabs are made to order and generally available for spans of up to 4,0 m (thickness of 140 mm and weighing 150 kg / m 2), length 4,0 - 5,0 m (thickness of 180 mm and weighing 190 kg / m 2) and 5,0 - 6,0 m (thickness of 220 mm and weighing 230 kg / m 2). On special request may be made board and other sizes. Slab of polystyrene can be mounted at any time of year with small forklifts, and even manually. When using the floor slabs and roof slabs do not require the application of the plaster (rather putty cement grout or adhesive for ceramic tiles), resulting in significantly reduced time finishing works. Although this new material for the floor, but floor slabs and roof slabs of polystyrene has already won the sympathy of local builders, as a reliable and practical material.

Concrete. Types of concrete

After planning the site and selecting the project home starts actually building a house, and it begins with the foundation, a house without a foundation can be built except on the rock. But making foundations and the erection of stone walls, etc. requires the most basic knowledge about the different concretes and mortars. So let's forget about the time the main issue of concern to us - building and briefly take a look at some data that will later be useful for you. Depending on the size used concrete aggregate are: - to fine-grained filler - up to 1 cm - on a coarse-grained filler - 1-15, see the density of concrete is divided into four types: - very heavy - more than 2500 kg/m3; - heavy - from 1800 to 2500 kg/m3; - light - from 500 to 1800 kg/m3; - very light - less than 500 kg/m3. The main characteristic during the installation of concrete class is a measure of compressive strength (MPa) (B3, 5, B5 ... B60). Concrete class is a numerical characteristic of any of its properties taken with guaranteed security (usually 0.95). Grade of concrete - numerical characteristic of any property taken by its average value. On the compressive strength, for example, heavy concrete, installed brand 50, 75, 100, 150 ... 600. For conventional reinforced concrete structures in civil and industrial construction usually used concrete grades 200 and 250. Durability of concrete estimate the degree of frost. When frost resistance of concrete are classified in grade P50, P75 ... P300, etc. By type of binder concrete are cement, silicate, gypsum and concrete on inorganic and organic binders.

Fillers for concrete

Aggregates for concrete are divided into natural, artificial and aggregates from the waste industry. Natural aggregates are produced by mechanical processing of rocks. Artificial fillers serve especially of prepared materials, which is produced from natural raw materials and industrial waste by thermal or other processing (concrete block, Termoli, slag pumice, etc.). Fillers from the waste industry - slag, ash, slag mixture. The most important indicators of quality aggregates are density, grain and mineral composition, shape and surface texture of the grains. Depending on the density of aggregates are distinguished dense - more than 2000 kg/m3 and porous - less than 2000 kg/m3. Durability: fillers directly affects the strength of concrete. Requirements set by the strength in the main only for large aggregates, since it is usually used as, filler sand is obviously higher strength concrete strength (tensile strength of quartz sands above 1000 MPa). Strength is characterized by gravel mark corresponding to the ultimate strength of the source rock in the water-saturated condition (20-140 MPa). To obtain the heavy concrete using aggregates from rock density 1800-2800 kg/m3. Fillers having a density less than 1800 kg/m3, characterized by high porosity and are used for the manufacture of lightweight concrete. For fine aggregate include natural and artificial sand. Natural sands are distinguished by its mineral composition - quartz sand, feldspar, carbonate, etc. In terms of education distinguish sea, river and ravine sands.

Cellular concrete

Rapid development of low-rise building has identified the emergence of new materials. Notable among them is cellular concrete (aerated concrete, gas silicate, cellular gas concrete). Besides the various advantages of this material are even and the high environmental impact. Porous concrete is produced in the form of blocks certain types and sizes. Externally, they resemble most likely pumice. His name he got from the cellular to the fact that the internal structure of this material is self-contained spaces filled with air. These bubbles define a low-density concrete (300-1000 kg/m3) and low thermal conductivity. According to its insulating qualities of cellular concrete (aerated concrete, gas silicate, cellular gas concrete) can be likened to a tree. In our country, units are produced mainly in three foreign technologies: "Hebel", "siporex" and "Itong. Work with cellular concrete - a pleasure. These blocks are easily sawn hacksaw or other cutting tool. Of these, one can construct a building of any kind. Easily produced such architectural elements such as bay windows and gables. Concrete is ideal for building arches. A small processing - and components become sharpened stones desired configuration. Uncomplicated by sawing the honeycomb blocks are easily converted into ordinary bricks. And with such material can be even to work! Build a house with his own hands. Ease of aerated determines its low pressure at the base of the building, which can significantly reduce the cost base.

Details of the concrete

The basis of the ordinary cement concrete are cement, sand and water, combined in various proportions. And I think, once in a lifetime everyone had their own to make such a cement concrete - in the construction team, or the construction of a garage or testimony, etc. But few know that the cement can be heavy, lightweight, easy, cellular, silica, polymer or gypsum. To begin with cement concrete, which are prepared on the basis of various cements. Among these products is dominated by concrete on Portland cement, they make up about 65 percent of total production. In addition, the successful use of slag cement and concrete on putstsopanovom cement. The varieties include cement concrete decorative concrete (on white and colored cement), concrete for samonapryazhennyh designs (on bend cement), concrete for special purposes (for alumina cement). Silicate concretes prepared on the basis of lime, using autoclave curing method. Gypsum concrete make gypsum-based and used primarily for interior walls, ceilings and decor elements of buildings. These are the kind of concrete or sheetrock putstsopanovye concretes having high water resistance. They are used usually for the manufacture of bulk blocks of toilets and construction of low-rise buildings are in contact with water. Shlakoschelochnye concrete (they are still little used in construction) are preparing for crushed slag, using alkaline solutions. Polymer concrete is made on different types of polymer matrix, which is based on polyester, epoxy or urea resin, which then uses special additives cure.

Aerated concrete

Foam - not an achievement of modern supertehnology and material poyavshyysya in Russia for almost seventy years ago. Soviet scientist, builder of an experimental set up by the addition of foam concrete in cement mortar soap root - a plant that lived in Central Asia and forms the foam. So obrozom to light a new building material - foam concrete. Based on these developments in Russia began to make building materials out of foam - blocks, partitions, wall panels, which by their thermal insulation properties exceed the brick and heavy concrete by 3-5 times. Pumice or chocolate? Foam concrete - it is a regular cement mortar, which is mixed with small amounts of additives, blowing agents. They are called surface-active agents (surfactants) and, incidentally, is widely used in the manufacture of detergents and shampoos. So that the concrete blocks and all sorts of detergents in a sense, relatives, albeit distant. For the type of aerated concrete gray material that looks like a pumice stone, and "internally" - a porous chocolate. As a result of the foaming mass of concrete filled with air bubbles and acquires a cellular structure. This, in turn, makes the material easy: do not accidentally experts consider to light aerated concrete aerated concrete. That same quality gives the material additional sound and thermal insulation properties. So, despite its homeliness, foam - even very wonderful thing. Despite the obvious advantages of the new material, foam in Russia has not caught on.

Concrete

The construction of extensive use of concrete, made of cement or other inorganic binders. These concretes are usually shuts water. Cement and water are the active components of the concrete result of the reaction between the cement stone formed, cementing grains aggregate into a single monolith. Between cement and aggregate are usually not the case of chemical interaction (with the exception of silicate concretes obtained autoclaving), so fillers are often called inert materials. However, they significantly influence the structure and properties by changing its porosity, terms of solidification behavior under the influence of load and environment. Rigid greatly reduce the strain of concrete in hardening and thus provides more dimensional products and designs. As the aggregates are used mostly local rocks and waste (slag, etc.). Application of these cheap fillers reduces the cost of concrete, as aggregates and water are 85 ... 90%, and cement - 10 ... 15% of the mass of concrete. In recent years, widely used in the construction of lightweight concrete, produced by artificial porous aggregates. Porous fillers reduce the density of concrete, improve its thermal properties. To control the properties of concrete and concrete in their composition is introduced various chemical additives that accelerate or retard setting of concrete mix, make it more plastic and workable, accelerate hardening of concrete, increase its strength and frost resistance, and if necessary change, and other properties of concrete.

Proper use of additives to concrete

Proper use of additives to the concrete - another condition for the proper preparation of concrete. For example, calcium chloride, known as hardening accelerator and antifreeze additive, resulting in accelerated electrochemical corrosion of the reinforcement, so that the concrete must be added inhibitors - substances that prevent corrosion. Additives in large amounts cause harm non-reinforced concrete, reinforce the phenomenon of surface filtration, an indicator which can often be a blemish. Mixing concrete - the next stage of preparation of concrete, and here too it is very important to eliminate significant errors possible during this process. Mixing must be thorough in all phases, especially without adding water, otherwise the process of cement (hydration) is incomplete, there will be shortage of concrete strength. The first wet mixing (and subsequent), produce, irrigating solution from a watering can instead of a bucket, as the flood waters wash away the cement. Initially, pour one-third of water needed for the second time - the remaining water, mixing is carried out on a flat, clean, damp ground. In the manufacture of concrete mix two men with shovels throwing gravel in the direction of stirring, the third crushes rake formed a cone, the fourth adds water. In the individual building is often used a small mixer gravity. The optimum time of mixing in such mixers - a few minutes. Short or long mixing time leads to the fact that the concrete mixture is obtained by heterogeneous, with all ensuing consequences.

Moisture resistance foam

The new, significantly more stringent requirements snip 03.11.1979, modified 3 Building Heat Engineering require construction companies and construction industry as a whole to increase the thermal resistance of heat building designs in 3 times. To solve this problem by using traditional building materials (brick, wall panels, blocks, etc.) and, accordingly, conventional technology is virtually impossible. Would increase the thickness of the walls a few times, but this is unrealistic. Domestic science was ready to meet the challenge of radically improving thermal performance of building structures. JSC "Newbuilding", part of the Company "Corporation building materials, since 1992 developing domestic technologies insulating foam. In Moscow, Belgorod, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Voskresensk, Rostov-on-Don, Yakutsk assembled and already make products mills for the production of aerated concrete technology JSC "Newbuilding". A processing unit (UMPB) on the production of foam concrete is very compact. With the overall 6h2h4, 2 meters it can be installed in current prices without the production of costly construction work. Installation is made of several blocks quickly mounted and transported on a car "Kamaz" with a trailer. UMPB capacity of 5 m3 / h has a mass of 8 tons, installed power 40 kW, and can submit a solution for the 200 meters horizontally and vertically by 30 meters. When you work 40 hours a week, it is equivalent to a brick factory with capacity of 10 million pieces of bricks per year.

Urban technology to a country house-building

Vadim Alexeev Concrete is often considered material for the construction of urban "boxes" - apartment buildings and industrial facilities. But concrete can build and country houses, and not inferior in quality wood, stone or skeletal buildings. Builders working on a suburban market, now offer cabins of logs, lumber, bricks, cellular concrete, prefabricated panels prefabricated. The technology of monolithic housing construction while being used in the construction of urban buildings. But it so far. All new only initially in doubt for the consumer. Already many of our countrymen, after weighing all the pros and cons, stop your choice on the concrete. So, let's try to figure out what the main advantages and disadvantages of monolithic technology. More precisely, the brick-and-a monolithic or panel-monolithic. Such separation is essential. For brick-monolithic technology for the manufacture of load-bearing structures used Collapsible decking and walling perform, for example, of concrete blocks faced with brick or stone. Panel-monolithic technology involves the use of permanent formwork, which, after pouring the concrete itself becomes the walls and floors at home (such as carriers, and all others). Let's start with the brick-monolithic technology. Its essence is as follows. First, a special formwork, which reproduces the contours of the future of the constructive elements (walls, columns, etc.), install rebar and pour concrete. When the concrete hardens, formwork elements removed and transferred to the next floor (hence the name "Collapsible").

Secret weapon "of cellular brotherhood"

Paul Chernyakov Relentless statistics show that the choice of project cottage majority of customers are still focused on the brick. Recently, however, have a good old brick appeared very serious competitor. Name - cellular concrete. And no wonder. The advantages of this material has already been highly appreciated by both designers and homeowners. On the classification of cellular concrete Much has been written. In every second trade publication dedicated to the construction market, we can find the distinctive characteristics of the brightest representatives of the cellular Brotherhood: aerated concrete (also known as autoclaved aerated concrete) gazosilikatobetona (gas silicate) slantsezolnogo aerated concrete, concrete, etc. However, the features of design and construction of such houses know not everyone. The thing is magic bubbles main advantage of houses with walls made of aerated concrete (many builders they have dubbed "stone") - is a comfort. Terms of comfort - warm and healthy climate - due to the very technology of manufacturing artificial stone: the liquid concrete mass foams and solidify, gets chicken wire structure formed by a set of air bubbles. The material is light, warm and durable. It protects the interior from overheating in summer and heat loss in winter. In addition, he is almost perfect "sound absorber, so that there is no reason stud wall plug even the most ardent supporters of silence. Heat insulating cellular concrete feature low volume weight (less than 1000 kg/m3), low coefficient of thermal conductivity and relatively high strength.

The main building material

Vitaly Lviv Currently, concrete and reinforced concrete are the basic building materials. In our country, producing tens of millions of tons of concrete and mortar. Not one house built in the last 60 years is not without concrete products. Therefore the subject of concrete and reinforced concrete is today very important. It is important to know not only the production technology, but to be able to reduce costs. Speaking of concrete, we must not forget the reinforced concrete. Because of his exceptional qualities, it is widely used in modern construction. Reinforced concrete - a concrete, in which steel bars are introduced - and fittings. The word "fixture" - the Italian word in Russian means "arms". Why it took "arm" or, as experts say, "reinforced" concrete? In building on the constructions are compression and tension, under whose influence the design of warp. Very clearly we can represent the two forces, if we take an ordinary rubber band, put it on two pillars, and click on it in the middle of the eraser will shrink at the top, but the stretch at the bottom. In the middle part of the same length of gum will not change. Is the conventional line that divides the gum in two parts - the compressed and stretched, called the neutral axis. When operating a concrete structure in bending is obtained by a similar pattern of deformation. Since the strength of concrete in tension is low, concrete structures under bending collapse at very low load.

Concrete is made of foam cement

Vitaly Lviv One of them - are very effective in all respects and is well suited for all types of low-rise housing is aerated concrete. Foam concrete is superior to traditional sand-lime brick and ceramic stone on many parameters, so in this article we will discuss this relatively new material for the Russian market in more detail. Let's start with the basics. Concrete can be of several types: heavy, lightweight, easy, very easy, honeycomb. The main ingredients of which are producing concrete, they are: cement, water and sand. Concretes differ from each other fillers, and weight. And depending on the properties which acquired in the course of production - on purpose. Heavy concrete is on the foundations and vaults in the monolithic housing construction, lightweight and very easy - it is used for internal walls and partitions. In the building regulations clearly indicate the use of concrete of any kind. Designers use them when calculating the load on the building. Builders can only strictly follow the documentation. Meanwhile, in the arsenal of production firms and companies specializing in the suburban housing construction, a so-called aerated concrete that is used in all elements and nodes of the house - from foundation to roof. Aerated concrete (sometimes called cellular concrete) - a porous material has the properties of stone and wood together. Being, in essence, artificial stone, it has high strength, but due to the porosity of its thermal conductivity is almost as low as a tree.

SNIP 2.03.11-85 protection of building structures against corrosion

Methods for protecting concrete from corrosion

Aggressive environment affects the state of building materials. Effects of salts, carbon dioxide, water and temperature extremes (frost-thaw cycles) often lead to corrosion. Therefore, the protection of concrete against corrosion - the most important task in the construction or operation of any facilities. Causes of corrosion of concrete produced at the mineral-based, has a capillary-porous structure and exposed to the highest exposures in comparison with other materials. As a result of inclement weather in its porous structure of the crystals are formed, the increase of which leads to cracking. Carbonates, sulfates and chlorides, dissolved in large quantities in the air, also having a devastating impact on building designs. Types of Corrosion Corrosion of concrete is divided into three types. The main criterion of this classification is the degree of deterioration of its characteristics and properties. First degree - leaching of components of concrete; second degree - education corrosion products without binding properties; Third degree - the accumulation of soluble salts crystallizing, which increase the volume. Protection methods to protect the concrete and increase its durability, you should use primary and secondary protection. Methods for primary protection is the introduction of various modifiers. They may be plasticizer (increases), the stabilizing (warning bundle), water-retaining, as well as regulatory setting concrete mix, density, porosity, etc. The methods of secondary protection is application of different kinds of protective coatings: biocidal materials - destroy and inhibit the formation of fungal on concrete structures.

SNIP 2.03.11-85 protection of building structures against corrosion

Materials for building houses

Concrete: extensive family

Mikhail Skvortsov In view of the majority, concrete - it is something gray and hard, used primarily for building foundations and slabs. In fact, a lot of concrete, they differ in structure and purpose, and appearance. On their variety we offer to talk in more detail. Gray and solid looks ordinary cement concrete, which is often used in country-house. It is based on cement, sand and water, combined in various proportions. And I think, once in a lifetime everyone had their own to make such a cement concrete - whether in the construction team during the construction of a garage or testimony, etc. In this case, not everyone knows that the cement can be heavy, lightweight, lightweight, honeycomb. Or, say, silica, polymer, or gypsum. To begin with cement concrete, which are prepared on the basis of various cements. Among these products is dominated by concrete on Portland cement, they make up about 65 percent of total production. In addition, the successful use of slag cement and concrete on putstsopanovom cement. The varieties include cement concrete decorative concrete (on white and colored cement), concrete for samonapryazhennyh designs (on bend cement), concrete for special purposes (for alumina cement). Silicate concretes prepared on the basis of lime, using autoclave curing method. Gypsum concrete make gypsum-based and used primarily for interior walls, ceilings and decor elements of buildings. These are the kind of concrete or sheetrock putstsopanovye concretes having high water resistance.

SNIP 3.03.01-87 bearing and enclosing structures

Saturday, July 23, 2011

Construction of the foundation

Cost of construction of foundations, usually about 20% of the value of the house. But not only this fact determines the most thorough, thoughtful manufacturing base. No need to explain what cracks, distortions and other deficiencies that arise as a result of mistakes made, how it will affect the rest of the house construction, how difficult it is to eliminate the marriage and to repair the foundation. Therefore, the calculation, the selection and construction of the basement should be under your closest attention. Design, material and depth of laying of foundation depends on the size and nature of acting on the foundation loads of capital and the design features of the house and the natural conditions of the site (depth of soil freezing, the nature of their occurrence, the presence of groundwater, etc.). On the reliability of the bases to a large extent depend on the operational quality of the building, its capital, and durability. First, you need to figure out on what ground or grounds will be home: the depth of laying the foundation depends on the type of soil, its depth of freezing, the groundwater level. Distinguish the following primers: the rocky soil - reliable, sturdy, not shrink, not blurred and not freeze. Laying the groundwork can be directly on its surface; gristly soils (gravel, stone breakup) - not compressed and not blurred. Should lay the foundation at a depth of not less than 50 cm, regardless of the depth of soil freezing, sandy soils - easy to remove, a good pass water, greatly compacted under load and slightly frozen.

Foundations under the stove

Foundations for stoves usually have the same area as the laying of the foundation of the furnace. In the two-story homes on the edge load is the foundation of the furnace from a solid brick does not exceed 2000 kPa. For furnaces of ceramic blocks such loading is reduced by about 15-20 times as the sectional area Flue riser in this case is much smaller. Scattergun basement furnace in a house without a basement have a nepromerzayuschey area not less than 50 cm from the ground. When placing the furnace on a basement foundation furnace deepened to 30 cm below the floor level basement. Oven bases are made of gravel-sand mortar or concrete. Precast concrete and reinforced concrete foundation reduces the amount of masonry and allow them to mechanize the assembly. They consist of pillows - concrete blocks (plates) of rectangular or trapezoidal shape to be placed on the preparation of thick sand rammed 0,15 m and a vertical wall of concrete blocks (Fig. 33). When weak soils in the precast concrete foundations suit belt thickness of 100-150 mm thick reinforced seams 30-50 mm. Pier foundation can get a separate support buildings - a concrete columns, brick columns, etc. (Fig. 34). Solid foundation for doing in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete ribbed slabs, it was appropriate for the need to protect the basement from the penetration of ground water with high hydrostatic pressure.

Drainage of the foundation

The purpose of installing the drainage system around the perimeter of the building - not to let water pass under the foundation of the house. Water is tempting and literally tears the ground, on which rests the structure, which often is the cause of the destruction of the base and walls of the house. Quite frequently a consequence of cyclic movement of soil under the foundation of the building is skewed and jammed doors and windows. In addition, under the house seeping moisture can cause mold and mildew in the construction of walls and ceilings, and such an environment - fertile ground for the emergence rot. System design to ensure the effective catchment area, sometimes quite soundly equip blind area. However, much more capital construction, designed for continuous operation at home arrangement includes an improved system of drainage and surface water. The basis of an effective drainage system - packed into a trench around the perimeter of the foundation of perforated pipes. Through the holes in their water seeping into the ground, penetrates inside the pipe, and then diverted into special containers. They facilitate the waterproofing of the foundation. Above the perforated have a whole (without holes) pipe designed for the waste surface water cascading off roofs or paved surfaces (patios, sidewalks, etc.) ask: "Why not equip a single collector for discharge of groundwater and surface water?". The answer is simple - it can lead to clogged highways, and as a result - a violation of the drainage, with all the unpleasant consequences.

Zero, but very important

Vladimir Mikhailov So we ended up with a theoretical construction phase of a country house. All approvals behind, working documentation on hand, then it's time to start building practice. The first practical step will be the so-called "zero cycle". A person unfamiliar with the construction, a zero cycle associated with excavations, which is poured concrete. That is, with the laying of the foundation. Meanwhile, this same installation may be preceded by a number of other works, which also includes a range of activities under the general title of "zero cycle". Making space Firstly, who said that the benchmark will be an open field, which may be safely excavate? And suddenly, on a dedicated site already has some kind of construction? In this case, before embarking on construction of the foundation, will require a clearing of the territory, and to ensure removal of the resulting debris. In this state of the territory may be different. The hard way - when the site is a dilapidated building or unfinished, which is in no way can be rebuilt and once used. Here the solution is clear: to demolish and remove to a landfill. If the "doomed" to demolish the building easily and stands on a simple, pile foundation, is the easiest case, and the worst - the presence of a demolished structure of a monolithic concrete slab. Break this monolith into parts, and even take out - zadachka not simple. I must say that some old barn you can quite eliminate on their own, at least with the help of friends.

Urban technology to a country house-building

"Fundamental" problem

Mikhail Skvortsov House on Chicken Legs, as we know, there are only a fairy tale. In real life, they need more than good reason. And although the foundation has a representation of any amateur, but how it really is fundamentally? Dance is always "on the stove," but what if the stove is not? And no walls, and generally you are standing somewhere in the open field and strains the imagination, trying to imagine their future vacation home? In this case, one way out - "dance" from the ground beneath your feet, on which the building will be erected. Well, when your house under the mighty granite slab, which is firm for more than a million years. Not bad, if the foundation is laid on the stone embankment of natural origin: in this case and the reliability of the construction will not disturb, and the costs of the foundation would not be unfeasible. The most reliable - homogeneous sandy soils, consisting of coarse sand. If the foundation raised correctly, in this ground, he gives a uniform sediment in the future, as a rule, Do not tilt and does not feel strong pressures from the soil. Fine-grained sand and pulverized, and clay soils exhibit exemplary "behavior" only in dry weather. With an abundance of moisture, they become fluid, and in cold winter, was frozen, abyss and with great force putting pressure on the foundation design, which means that the structure can warp, and the walls are not ruled out a crack. To avoid this, special measures are needed, such as deepening of foundation base below the freezing depth of soil (in our region is about 120-130 cm).

Foundation for the roof

Stanislav Freed Without the foundation, as we know, the wall is not set - they simply collapse. The roof also needs to something to build - on the truss system. And this system should be constructed in accordance with the selected roofing material, just as the construction of walls constructed according to the foundation. Initially, the homeowner has to decide a difficult question: Whether the natural tile roof? Cement-sand? Or, to put aside tradition and now use the popular "evroshifer? Oh, you forgot to look at the purse, dreaming, but not figured financial opportunities? Well, then, it is likely you will have to confine ourselves to some relatively cheap option of roll roofing material. By the way, and truss system for roll materials should be made of light weight, because it will not experience large loads. Will not, however, to exaggerate the role of roofing material in the choice of roof system. Yes, this role is essential, but very important, other factors, especially in our northern region, where the weather is severe, as well as unstable and unpredictable. If you have a snowy winter, take a look at some country house, you probably see on the roof of fluffy snow. Or "crust" formed as a result of a succession of frosts and thaws, in a word, there will be a lie or snow or ice. Eye on the mass of snow (or ice) is difficult to estimate, but necessary. Snow load on roofs of large area can be very serious, especially when heavy snowfall, repetitive, and the snow is compressed and forms a larger mass on the roof.

All of the concrete products (concrete products)

Zhukov DA, Cand. MSSU 1. From what is made of reinforced concrete products (concrete products) reinforced concrete - a material which are joined into a single unit steel reinforcement ibeton. Concrete partially protects the metal fittings from corrosion and treats in this composite, the compressive stresses, fittings - tensile forces: it is known that the metal works well in tension, and relatively fragile concrete stone - on the grip. Cement and water are the active components of concrete - the reaction between the cement stone formed, cementing grains aggregate into a single monolith. Between cement and aggregate is no chemical interaction, so fillers are often called inert materials. However, the large aggregate (crushed rock or limestone) and fine aggregate (quartz, also known as river sand) significantly affect the structure and properties of concrete. As a reinforcement in metal (steel) rods or bundles of wires. Armature is subdivided into the working and assembly. Working valves at the bottom of articles, working on a bend: slabs, beams, at the foot of foundation blocks. Mounting hardware creates a volume skeleton product captures the location of the rods of fixtures contributes to blocking and bracing inserts and mounting hinges. One variety of concrete is stressed concrete. Through the application of special techniques, during the manufacture of materials stressed concrete reinforcement in concrete zamonolichivaetsya in partially stretched form. The fact that the floor slabs and supporting beams in the construction work on a bend.

The main building material

Thursday, July 21, 2011

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

Building a foundation for a frame house

Natalia Zinorova order to build their own home and still spend as little money for building materials, we can construct a frame (panel) house. In this article we analyze in detail the first stage of building a house of this type - the creation of the foundation. Construction site preparation and foundation trenches under the first step is to align the place designated for the construction of the house. Once this work is done, you can start laying the foundation. First you need to dig a trench in a certain size. For example, for the house width of 10 meters and a length of 15 meters (10x15 m) is necessary to make a trench the size of the house. The depth of the trench will be 0,75 m - next dig is not necessary, because the frame house is much easier to house a different type (log, brick, panel, etc.). The depth also depends on climatic conditions (coefficient of freezing the top layer of soil), so if you live in the north, to deepen the foundation up to 1,5 m. The width of the future is determined by the foundation from which building material would build a house: for panel homes completely enough to have a foundation of width 50 cm After the trench is ready and lined the walls, install formwork. Decking made from edging boards to the size of the width of the trench, but the height of the formwork must be at least 40 cm above the upper edge of the trench. For the manufacture of formwork required: edged board (II or III grade), the length of an arbitrary (3,4 or 6 m), the thickness of 20-25 mm of bar cross-section 50x50 mm nails (70 mm, 80 mm) When everything is ready, at the bottom of the trench can be sketch bout bricks, stones, broken slate, etc.

Under the arch of tension

Tension ceilings appeared in Russia ten years ago and settled down for good reason. They provided an easy solution to a very unpleasant problems: cracks, stains, ugly seams, vertical drop floor decks are now resolved in 1-2 days in the complete absence of debris. And how chic! Have a look at the interior directory. What are the possibilities of different stretch ceiling? Vinyl murals Historically modern stretch system began with PVC. He focused on the vast majority of manufacturers whose products are available to Russians, and this the French, Belgians, Italians, Swedes, Swiss, Dutch. PVC film is a little thicker than the sheet good writing paper (from 0,15 - 0,35 mm) has a whole bunch of advantages. First: Vinyl remarkably interesting in terms of decor. Collections count to 60 - 100 flowers and dozens of invoices. Classic matte ceiling look like perfectly plastered, translucent reflect light, mirror and lacquered reflect it and thus visually increase the height of the room. There are imitation satin fabric, leather, suede, velvet, marble, Venetian plaster, "patina" and "gilded" the surface. Designers create an interesting interior, combining different cloth, placing them at several levels, arranging vaulted cascades. The most modest option costs 30 - 35 at. is, for 1 square. meters (approximately 25% more expensive than traditional complex antiseptirovanie + alignment + stucco + + three primer paint), the most expensive - 70 in. e. The material is uniformly stained the entire thickness, does not fade.

Stretch ceilings. Installation of stretch ceiling

Watch the ceiling - an idle exercise, focus on the case, suggests rather look at the floor. However, the age-old trendsetters - the French - and then made their adjustments. With the advent of suspended ceilings, we are increasingly in thought leans back in his chair, making sure that the ceiling might be perfect. Appears in the middle of the Great Bear Bucket new star, we are likely to be known about it from news reports, rather than themselves noticed. Immersed in the daily cares, we do not often turn their eyes to the sky. Is that a cry of "How long?" and appropriate gestures. But the new spot on the ceiling, we note at once. Oh well, we, city dwellers, the eyes are set to close. Hence the global myopia. Although the ceiling is the least functional part of the dwelling, its imperfection is striking is not less than peel the wallpaper and tiles falling off. Ugly ceiling joints, rusty stains, cracks, dandruff whitewash "- one of us will be surprised by this? Only yesterday, these "beauty of life" was the sad fate of the house at any level. But now the load to the building neologism "renovation" have another - suspended ceilings. Ceilings Pharaoh Ramses The official version of suspended ceilings have been invented in France about a quarter of a century ago. Anyway, it was in the mid 70-ies of the past century was issued the patents. In fact their history goes back centuries. Like many other inventions that are used to this day, the first stretch ceilings have been around since ancient Egypt.

Execution of architectural details

Siphon eaves. Cornice podugi beautifully decorated, it consists of a set of architectural calving: shelves, shelves, rollers, shafts, jibs, heels, etc. (Fig. 64). For pulling curtain is necessary to make a special template (Fig. 65). All details must be handled jack-plane or a plane, struts - a knife. Profile-board cut is strictly a triangle. Its size on the top (ceiling) and bottom (wall) part should be 50-70 mm longer profile of the cornice. These allowances are called excuses (see Fig. 65). They provide a smooth stretch bands at the same level with the wall and ceiling. Then they hone to the plane of the plaster. On the profile board transfer profile drawn on paper cornice given excuses and cut with a knife. One side of the cut profile of mowing (cut at an angle of 20-30 °). Cut side is called "to gloss" and nesrezannaya - for tearing off. " Pulling out perform "to shine" or "tearing off". After that, drawn on paper profile cornice transferred to a piece of steel roofing, cut and nailed with small nails, 5-10 mm apart to unmown side wooden profile (for tearing off "). Thus protects the wood from rapid wear of the solution. Bottom-profile board nailed to the sled, and then further cementing braces nailed on both sides. Struts not only hold the board in the sled, but also serve as handles for which the charge pattern during the drawing of the cornice. Prior to pulling the cornice to the ceiling and upper walls to apply a coat of primer.

The new ceiling. Paint? Hang? And can pull!

Vitaly Lviv Refresh ceiling in the room, it would seem that could be easier? Took a putty, a bucket of paint, stood on a stepladder ... One, two! And the ceiling is like new. What is actually wise to buy some suspension design, install fixtures, when and as simple as that. Approximately thinks most of the townsfolk, for the first time zatevaya repair. Therefore, often shocking to many is the amount you asked the wizard for some simple, at first sight operation. In fact, the ceiling - one of the most difficult objects for decorating. Putty and smooth slabs, balancing on a stepladder with a high head thrown back - the pleasure not a simple one, and therefore it is not cheap. In addition, some ceilings due to the peculiarities of exploitation in general can not be put in order, using plaster and paint. What to do? The modern market of finishing the ceiling materials, despite all the diversity, in fact, reduced to three basic methods of finishing: painting ceiling, hanging rack and panel type of Armstrong ceilings and trendy now suspended ceilings. Each of these finishes has its advantages, features and shortcomings. Stretch ceilings do not require preparatory work, and accordingly the time required to ensure such works. This technology does not entail all of the above disadvantages. Stretch ceilings are naturally hide all the flaws and defects in the ceiling of the base, such deficiency may include cracks, bumps, bruises, dirt. To carry out the ceiling does not require not only relocation but even removal of furniture, as it saves time and effort.

Flight of fashion: the ceiling of your dreams

Lydia Vladimirov If you ask my grandmother what is the ceiling in the apartment, the old lady is likely to take an interest, not whether you get sick. Yes, mom and older than fifty years too surprised by this very strange question for them. Of course, smooth and white! And what else? In their time, just twelve years ago, it was hard to imagine something else on the ceiling. A fashion for moldings and ceiling paintings, it seemed gone forever. Were replaced by typical houses with crooked and bugrovatymi ceilings in living rooms - the fruits of industrial housing. Now, every ceiling orders to your taste and wallet capabilities. Just choose! Dull or elegant? Oddly enough, but it is in such terms is now called the white ceiling, but it must be perfectly smooth. Exquisitely stylish can be a ceiling, whitewashed in a delicate color, blending in with the walls of the room. On someone's taste and possible selection of contrasting colors: Ceiling - Wall - the door. There's also a different color segments of whitewashing the ceiling. Desktop overhead Many landlords prefer not to breed pobelkovuyu dirt, and hang the ceiling wallpaper instead of its whitewash. By the way, first and wallpaper were just pure white, imitating the whitewash. Now fashion has stepped forward. In shops and markets building materials offers a variety of color, texture and performance of wallpaper for bedroom, dining room, nursery, office, living room, kitchen and even bathroom with toilet. When choosing to think about the purpose of wallpaper, for example, kitchen and bathroom, they should be water-resistant.

Flight of fashion: the ceiling of your dreams

Let's talk about ceilings

So, you enter into a new apartment. With what problems you will encounter during its arrangement? Several paraphrase a classic one can say that the apartment has two misfortunes: neighbors and ceilings. Why are the neighbors? Firstly, because the extremely low level of sound insulation of the overwhelming majority of our apartments, it was the neighbors are truly inexhaustible source of all kinds of noise. And secondly, the neighbors are always on top of the potential threat of leaks and flooding. And the ceilings. ... One glance at the most ceilings in domestic homes is enough to assume that the builders were guided by the principle of the famous song: "I am blinded him from what happened." Weight seams and irregularities, significant differences in elevation between the ceiling tiles, "littered" angles - this is not a complete list of what you can detect even a cursory look at your ceiling. How can make the ceiling for a truly beautiful and modern look? In our publications, we try to give you the answer to these questions. Traditional and proven way for years, is leveling the ceiling, followed by applying water-based paints. To do this, using a laser level exposed metal beacons, and caused a continuous layer of plaster. Then glued ceiling material (usually serpyanku). This is done to strengthen the plaster and will avoid further cracks and irregularities. After drying, the ceiling shpaklyuetsya and it is applied latex paint. It is this method of decoration is still almost the only possible in small apartments, with a ceiling height of not more than 2.5 m.

Moldings: columns, half-columns, pilasters, cornices, baseboards, moldings

Decoration of walls and ceilings with decorative elements in various shapes and figures - an old architectural tradition. Even in Greece and Rome used exquisite moldings, and then they go through all the times and styles - classical, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Empire, Art Nouveau - hitting his contemporaries with the beauty and elegance. We say "stucco" - and in the representation of faces magnificent palaces, museums, manors. Yes, this beauty has always demanded the scale, resources, and has never been dressing huts. Only in recent decades thanks to the emergence of relatively inexpensive and practical polymer materials she was able to enter into a modern European housing. In Russia, the spread of the spacious apartments and high, high-quality suburban housing is now also increasingly common use of the relief of architectural decoration. Today stucco sold as separate modules and components, of which going to a single track, the appropriate style and features of an interior design and taste maker. Since the original ornament (sometimes in the same palace) is removed form, and with this form of mold desired number of repetitions. Traditionally, to obtain high-quality moldings use materials that can change from liquid to solid, without cracks and large shrinkage: plaster, papier-mache, clay, cement, metal, fiberglass, steklokompozit, polystyrene, polyurethane. And although the current process of "sculpting" of polymeric materials is completely different to how it did the ancient architects, the visual effect is absolutely straight.

Flight of fashion: the ceiling of your dreams

Color the sky in a city apartment

Asya Ilyina architectural techniques often gain a second life in the design. Brutal rafters from the carrier turned into a spectacular part of the interior, and under ventstoyaki now increasingly "camouflage" racks and use them to Zone the space. It happened to light lanterns - translucent structures in the roof that allow additional cover accommodation. Of course, in the modern city apartment ceiling is not made transparent, but to simulate light the lantern, you can use for the interior. Spectacular lighting, received among the designers called the "ceiling lamp" will make your home not only lighter, but also beautiful. Ceiling lights - this frame ceiling made of metal, wrought iron, wood or plastic and filled with a single color or multi-colored glass. It may also include a variety of decorative elements, such as bronze lattice, ornamental friezes, even imitation candlesticks placed on the perimeter of the structure. Ceiling lights can not be bought at the store. It you can design only the designer, taking into account all the features of the room, for which he designed: the shape and area, ceiling height, color, functionality. That is why the ceiling lights - is always an exclusive element of the interior, custom made. And one must be prepared for the fact that, as any stationary structure, ceiling lamp suggests some monumentality, for its Ferris required space. In a small city apartment, he most likely will look awkward and clumsy. Normally such designs adorn the halls of country houses and indoor swimming pools.

Caring for a suspended ceiling

One of the attractive qualities of suspended ceilings is that care for them very easily. You just need to keep them clean and prevent waterlogging. There are two ways to clean ceilings - dry and vlazhnyy.Chto regard to the dry cleaning, the ceilings can be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner. Small pollution removed by conventional lastikom.Vlazhnaya cleaning with a sponge soaked in water to dilute it with detergent. If the suspension modules are made from mineral fibers, the sponge should be barely moist. Fat can be cleaned with any household cleaners other than abrasive. Abrasives can not be used because they can damage the surface. Tape and suspended ceilings can be completely washed under running water, but you need to choose a head of the jet, which is not izognet plane of the panel. After the contamination removed, it is necessary to polish the surface with a soft cloth or gubkoy.Nekotorye manage to wash the cassette in the dishwasher. If the metal ceiling flooded neighbors above, you simply remove the modules (cassettes or rail), to pour out of them collect water and wipe the stains formed on the surface of the ceiling. Neither the panel nor the tapes, neither the suspension system is not postradaet.V if on tiles made of mineral fiber or gypsum formed small chips, scratches or dents, they can mask the different fillings with a roller, brush or spray. In some types of facilities, such as hospitals, to finishing materials are increased hygiene requirements. Best in such places to establish a cassette ceiling with concealed suspension system.

The ceiling in the bathroom

Bathroom - a room with high humidity, sings for special attention for finishing the ceiling. Ceiling surface here may be in contact not only with moist air, but also with water. In choosing the material to be sure of its water resistance. Cover with properly selected moisture resistance over time or begin to delaminate, or be subjected to corrosion, effects of fungi and bacteria. All other requirements to the ceiling in the bathroom (reflective and sound-absorbing ability, fire resistance, environmental friendliness, ease of care) is fully consistent with the overall limits for conventional ceiling designs. One option is to finish the ceiling in the bathroom with overhead structure. This beautiful and functional - a suspended ceiling can hide the wiring, ventilation ducts, etc. For the bathtub are perfect rack, metal ceilings, tile floors, as well as of moisture-resistant drywall. To date, produces several types of tile ceilings. Not all of them are suitable for bathrooms - it all depends on the material. You can select a slab of mineral wool. This material is not afraid of water. However, in addition to mineral fibers in the composition of such panels include recycled paper, clay and organic additives. Suit whether such ceilings for bathrooms, depends on the proportions of these elements. If the paper is more ceiling tiles can be used only in dry areas, and if more clay - they are suitable for bathroom ceiling. It is also possible to install bathroom tile, suspended construction of the steel modules.

Let's talk about ceilings

Open the door

Vitaly Lviv Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. "Glue", "glued", "pasted over" - in the vocabulary builders and dealers in building materials you can find one of those titles belonging to the same process for finishing ceilings. It is as follows: the smooth surface of the base ceiling-base glued various decorative finishes - tile of expanded polystyrene, glass or exotic for ceiling materials, such as cork or laminate panel, as well as ceramic tile. Glue ceilings are square or rectangular panels made of polystyrene. The front surface can be covered with foil, painted wood, cloth, or stone. On the surface of square tiles is often created relief imitating stucco or wood carving. Sizes of tiles: 50x50 cm and 100x16, 5 cm Apply recommended for ceilings in residential buildings: offices, bedrooms, etc. You can use the kitchen, but only tiles laminated with a protective film. These ceiling tiles can be glued to almost any surface: concrete, masonry, plaster and wood stoves. They hide the defects of the substrate and provide a unifying color surface. Plates from expanded polystyrene (or, as it is called, Styrofoam) are most popular. For use in wet areas are only suitable extruded panels. Extrusion method, which is used in their manufacture, allows us to achieve maximum density (about 70 kg / m 3) and homogeneity of the material and therefore waterproof.

Multilevel ceilings

Glue ceilings

Mineralovoloknistye ceilings

Panels mineralovoloknistyh ceilings consist of: mineral wool, perlite, clay binder additives - starch, latex, waste paper and gypsum. Suspended ceilings mineralovoloknistyh panels can not only be flat (A, B), but, for example, cellular (C) should be noted that mineral fiber used for the manufacture of this group of ceilings - it is stone wool. And although the glass is also a group of materials generally accepted mineralovoloknistyh ceiling stone wool called mineralovoloknistymi and fiberglass to make a separate group. This well-established classification will follow us. Enormous attention in the production of mineral fiber ceiling on the binder. Depending on what more starch or latex depend on product specifications, ie their moisture. If more latex, it is water-resistant panel that can be used in areas with humidity up to 95-99%. And if the predominant starch, then with high humidity panel sag. Latex is more expensive than starch, and therefore water-resistant panels more expensive products with a low moisture resistance. Panels of mineral fibers are of high fire safety and acoustic characteristics (high sound absorption). Colours of panels may vary up to black (for the cinema halls, for example). Nomenclature of surface texture provides a wide choice for designers and architects - smooth, mikroperforirovannye or textured surface, clear printed geometric designs, graphic design, decoration design edges, and lattice panels with open cells. All this makes it possible to create individual tracks from the ceiling tiles.

Multilevel ceilings: features, technologies and materials

Multilevel ceilings can create a beautiful and unusual design that emphasizes the features of each room. But this is not their only purpose. The reason for the use of multiple levels may be irregularities and defects of the base ceiling. Sometimes the differences underlying the ceiling so high that other methods can not hide them. For example, a very bad state is the old ceiling between floors. After removing the old partitions found inappropriate beams and girders. Sometimes within the apartment to hide air conditioning systems, wiring, ducts, freonoprovodov, water pipes, heating. Multilevel ceilings can be a casing for covering technological elements that should be available for periodic maintenance. Multilevel ceilings successfully solve the task of reforming the amount of space. When repairing homes often need at least visually raise the ceiling. Designers are well known trick: in the modern interior feel larger space created by the lowering of the ceilings in some rooms. So, if the level in the hallway ceiling was lowered, and the dining room to keep the base, the dining area visually expand. In this basic level of the ceiling, an additional design techniques (lighting, color, texture), which further reinforce the above-described effect. Fig. 1. Multilevel ceiling in the interior. Another function of the multilevel ceilings - Zoning dwelling. Dwellings new type furnished in the form of open flowing spaces that make up a single plastic structure, which for the convenience of living requires proper organization.

GOST 26602.5-2001 Power windows and door. Methods for determining the resistance to wind loads

Top noisy neighbors? There is a way - acoustic ceilings!

Modern man lives in a world of sounds. In urban homes and offices constantly (and sometimes quite loudly), radio broadcasts, television sets grub, music plays incessantly ringing telephones and pagers, as well as humming, buzzing, beeping and ticking the mass of the most diverse engineering. Alas, we used to fall asleep to the "soothing" the roar of cars outside. Mankind has lost the habit of silence and eventually got a whole bunch of problems - high blood pressure and nervous disorders, stress and depression, as a result - chronic fatigue. Understandably, to abandon the achievements of civilization, we are no longer able. But you can learn to control the sound level in the room. It's real. It turns out, you just decorate walls, floors, ceilings, sound-absorbing materials (which do not reflect and absorb sound), and background noise will be less. You've probably noticed themselves: is it worth to lay on the floor carpeting, and hang on the wall carpet, as the room becomes quieter and more comfortable. All true. But what about, for example, with the ceiling? As it turned out, this problem can be solved. Many self-respecting manufacturers tile suspended ceiling panels (ARMSTRONG, ECOPHON, AKUSTO, OWA, ROCKFON and LUXALON) has long been producing so-called acoustic ceilings to absorb sound. Ceiling plate production companies ARMSTRONG, ROCKFON and OWA are made from mineral fibers, and ECOPHON and AKUSTO of porous glass wool - one of the best sound-absorbing materials.

GOST 23747-88 doors of aluminum alloys. General specifications

Friday, July 15, 2011

Why do we need automatic doors?

Vitaly Lviv After some time working the door inevitably provisnet relatively loose loops and a rectangular shape due to loosening of the corner joints forming its vertical and horizontal profiles. Fold as an automatic sliding door, suspended for two carriages on the edges, does not experience such pressures, while maintaining their shape and position. The second reason for the installation of automatic doors - widely used in super-and hypermarkets grocery carts and trucks with the ability to release them to the adjacent to the store parking lot. It is hard to imagine a buyer, pushing a cart through a normal hinged door. The third reason - respect for shop owners of their customers to provide them with maximum comfort. Of course, even if the institution does not use carts, visitors coming from the set of packages in their hands, would be grateful if possible not to catch their weight in one hand. The fourth reason - the need to reduce heat loss and maintain the indoor environment. Automatic doors, quickly opening up to the visitor, and almost immediately closing behind him, restrict the inflow of cold outside air in winter and heat in the summer. And finally, the important fifth reason - keeping the image of solid expensive shop or office. Kinds of automatic doors on the type of opening, they are categorized in a sliding, swinging and rotating. In turn, sliding doors are single and double standard, double or chetyrehstvorchatymi telescopic as well as cylindrical (other names - semicircular, radius).

Open the door

Glass doors give the room its own identity, its uniqueness. The interior gets the original contemporary sound and is becoming more stylish. Elegance, originality, and the inimitable ability to glass doors to fit in any modern interior increasingly attracted the attention of discerning buyers. In Europe, glass interior doors - not a new trend of fashion, and ordinariness. In Russia, this is still just a new trend, reinforced by the fact that our fellow citizens no longer associated with the glass door entrance to the subway entrance or research institutes. Now the glass door is seen as organic and functional detail of the interior. Story all-glass door has been around for decades, taking the top end of constructivism in 20-ies - in those days leading architects around the world covered the search for new and unexpected applications for traditional materials, often ignoring the fact that the level of development industrial technology has not kept pace "flight of thought" and limited the "space fantasy". However, many of the ideas put forward by then have been very successful - year after year, science and industry, accumulating experience, hastening the possibility of full implementation of bold concepts. One of them - make greater use of glass in interior design. Received at the end of XX century the most widespread style of "Hi-Tech" and gave the idea new impetus to the use of glass doors and partitions, not only in commercial buildings and public facilities, but also in the interiors of living quarters.

Glass doors

All of the doors

Architects, at all times, have paid special attention to the door, all the architectural styles are not spared their attention and doors, whether Gothic or Art Nouveau. The artistic decision of doors can be traced back the history of architecture and this topic can devote a whole separate issue. Development of new materials and technologies in construction, also avoided the side and doors. Opening doors to the world of conventional design of doors was developed in ancient times. During excavations at Pompeii were found doors are very similar to today, they already had locks and hung them on hinges. In the XVII century in France, came into vogue glazed door (they had a prototype box extend to the floor). These doors are now widely used in public buildings, but only with the use of new materials and technologies: special glass doors not only provide the desired decorative effect, but also to reliably block access to the building uninvited guests, and special solar cells opens the door automatically, or, conversely, necessary, block them. In Denmark, were invented by the door in two halves (for better conservation of heat in the house). Without opening the entire door, through the bottom half, it was possible to produce on the street cats and dogs. In the past century the door with a hydraulic, pneumatic and electric drive. At the same time born folding, sliding and revolving doors. Since then, the ancient tree is a traditional material for the manufacture of door and window frames.

Types of interior doors

Interior doors - the usual element of the interior in a country house, but nevertheless can be a lot of trouble. By selecting and installing interior doors should be approached very responsibly. Not possible that you simply decided to save (or not found the time) on the cover of interior doors painted, and eventually they were filled with plenty of moisture - a house with no heat was! - As expected, straight out. Or, suppose you initially installed the door frames, which got hold somewhere on the occasion, and then started picking them under the door. With difficulty, but the gap between the frame and door leaf has remained minimal, and now even after a slight swelling of wood door tightly jammed. Plows, however, to start yet one should decide by the designs of internal doors. Varieties of interior doors, in fact, only two: the folding and sliding, but within those types there are many different subtypes and variants. Swinging doors can be single and double. And the material? Doors are made from solid wood and particle board, followed by coating fine wood veneer. In the first case, the door gets a serious and expensive, as shown in the wood without the natural defects - knots, cracks, which increases the cost of raw material. Production of doors from an array of rather tedious, using the manual labor, and it also helps to increase prices. Finally, the traditionally tselnoderevyannaya door more carefully and richly finished, knowing the demands of wealthy homeowners, for whom the door of some kind of particle board - a symbol of shame and a sign of financial insolvency.

GOST 30247.2 Building structures. Methods of test for fire resistance. Doors and gates

No creaks, no pops

Vladimir Mikhailov Interior doors - regular, we can say mediocre, interior element in a country house, but nevertheless can be a lot of trouble. Remember, if you are comfortable, if a door slams? If she is nasty squeaks? Finally, if it gets jammed and an adjacent room can be reached only some effort? And because the selection and installation of interior doors should be approached very responsibly. By the way, this winter the owners of suburban property are, as ever, feel the urgency of the problem. Of course, if you're constantly living in individual cottages with all modern conveniences and there throughout the winter to maintain normal temperature and humidity, it is no problem, most likely, you will not. But most homeowners still get over the cold season in the "winter quarters" and in his suburban property dropping in March-April, when the first thaw holes. And pulls you to your house, open the front door, then pulls the interior, but it does not in any does not want to open! You take a helper tool, casing, cracking, warping, and although in this battle you go out a winner, alas, the door will be repaired. Meanwhile, at one time was enough for reasonable and without undue haste or go to the acquisition of interior doors or to install them. Not possible that you simply decided to save (or not found the time) on the cover of interior doors painted, and eventually they were filled with plenty of moisture - a house with no heat was! - As expected, straight out. Or, suppose you initially installed the door frames, which got hold somewhere on the occasion, and then started picking them under the door.

GOST 23747-88 doors of aluminum alloys. General specifications

Wednesday, July 13, 2011

GOST 23747-88 doors of aluminum alloys. General specifications

GOST 30109-94 Wooden doors. Test methods for resistance to cracking

GOST 26892-86 Wooden doors. The test method for resistance to shock loads acting in the opening direction

GOST 538-2001 Product lock and hardware. General specifications

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

GOST 475-78 Wooden doors. General specifications

GOST 28786-90 Wooden doors. Method for determination of resistance to the effects of climatic factors

GOST 30247.2 Building structures. Methods of test for fire resistance. Doors and gates

GOST 5089-97 locks and latches for doors. Technical conditions

Monday, July 11, 2011

GOST 14624-84 Wooden doors for industrial buildings. Types, structure and dimensions

GOST 10174-90 polyurethane sealing strips for windows and doors

GOST 6629-88 wooden interior doors for residential and public buildings. Styles and design

GOST 5090-86 fastening hardware products for wooden doors and windows. Types and basic dimensions

GOST 5087-80 Handles for windows and doors. Types and basic dimensions

Sunday, July 10, 2011

GOST 27346-87 Products Locks. Terms and definitions

GOST 5091-78 supporting hardware products for wooden doors and windows. Types

The entrance doors as a piece of furniture

Steel guard your home steel doors in connection with the crime situation ceased to be a symbol of just rich flats and protected institutions. Now, virtually everyone, regardless of the abundance of lessons in the home of "good", wants to ensure his safety, and, hence, peace of mind. About what we choose the steel doors and how to install and will be discussed below. Steel doors are divided into two groups: domestic and imported. They differ primarily at the cost of (imported, of course, more expensive). But savings are not in all things good. The fact is that from abroad bring doors made with modern equipment and latest technology. But our doors are all going to artisanal, "on his knee." However, there is another side to the problem. Most often imported models are "tied" to the typical size (with each company - its). But the domestic steel door can be custom-made (and, by the way, just because it is non-automated production). Well, if people can pick out the appropriate size of the door of the proposed import models. And if not? Then the door can cost a lot more expensive, and it certainly will have to wait up to two months, and sometimes up to six months if the order is exclusive. If you have time and money to spare, you can wait. Otherwise - select domestic. Surely, if you choose the door you are thinking about it, not only as a reliable protection (it certainly), but also as an integral part of the interior. By installing one steel door, do not even want to admit the thought of her shift, but the interior of the house can be changed more than once.

Sunday, July 31, 2011

Saturday, July 30, 2011

Friday, July 29, 2011

Thursday, July 28, 2011

Wednesday, July 27, 2011

Tuesday, July 26, 2011

Monday, July 25, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Saturday, July 23, 2011

Friday, July 22, 2011

Thursday, July 21, 2011

Wednesday, July 20, 2011

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

Monday, July 18, 2011

Sunday, July 17, 2011

Saturday, July 16, 2011

Friday, July 15, 2011

Thursday, July 14, 2011

Wednesday, July 13, 2011

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

Monday, July 11, 2011

Sunday, July 10, 2011